Abstract
Reconstructive surgery using the skin flap is used in a variety of situations, including trauma and extended resection of malignant tumors. In order to assure surgical safety, it is important to confirm sufficient blood supply in the skin flap during surgery. In this chapter, we outline methods for the evaluation of graft perfusion by intraoperative fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green (ICG).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hirigoyen MB, Blackwell KE, Zhang WX, et al. Continuous tissue oxygen tension measurement as a monitor of free-flap viability. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:763–73.
Futran ND, Stack BC Jr, Hollenbeak C, et al. Green light photoplethysmography monitoring of free flaps. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:659–62.
Jones BM, Mayou BJ. The laser Doppler flowmeter for microvascular monitoring: a preliminary report. Br J Plast Surg. 1982;35:147–9.
Svensson H, Pettersson H, Svedman P. Laser doppler flowmetry and laser photometry for monitoring free flaps. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;19:245–9.
Myers MB. Prediction of skin sloughs at the time of operation with the use of fluorescein dye. Surgery. 1962;51:158–62.
Silverman DG, LaRossa DD, Barlow CH, et al. Quantification of tissue fluorescein delivery and prediction of flap viability with the fiberoptic. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;66:545–53.
Graham BH, Walton RL, Elings VB, et al. Surface quantification of injected fluorescein as a predictor of flap viability. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;71:826–31.
Thompson JG, Kerrigan CL. Dermofluorometry: thresholds for predicting flap survival. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;83:859–64.
Flower RW, Hochheimer BF. Indocyanine green dye fluorescence and infrared absorption choroidal angiography performed simultaneously with fluorescein angiography. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1978;138:33–42.
Eren S, Rübben A, Krein R, et al. Assessment of microcirculation of an axial skin flap using indocyanine green fluorescence angiography. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:1636–49.
Rübben A, Eren S, Krain R, et al. Infrared videoangiofluorography of the skin with indocyanine green – rat random cutaneous flap model and results in man. Microvasc Res. 1994;47:240–51.
Still J, Law E, Dawson J, et al. Evaluation of the circulation of reconstructive flaps using laser-induced fluorescence of indocyanine green. Ann Plast Surg. 1999;42:266–74.
Holm C, Mayr M, Hoefter E, et al. Intraoperative evaluation of skin-flap viability using laser-induced fluorescence of indocyanine green. Br J Plast Surg. 2002;55:635–44.
Holm C, Tegeler J, Mayr M, et al. Monitoring free flaps using laser-induced fluorescence of indocyanine green: a preliminary experience. Microsurgery. 2002;22:278–87.
Phillips BT, Lanier ST, Conkling N, et al. Intraoperative perfusion techniques can accurately predict mastectomy skin flap necrosis in breast reconstruction: results of a prospective trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129:778e–88e.
Sood M, Glat P. Potential of the SPY intraoperative perfusion assessment system to reduce ischemic complications in immediate postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction. Ann Surg Innov Res. 2013;7:9.
Duggal CS, Madni T, Losken A. An outcome analysis of intraoperative angiography for postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Aesthet Surg J. 2014;34:61–5.
Casey WJ, Connolly KA, Nanda A, et al. Indocyanine green laser angiography improves deep inferior epigastric perforator flap outcome following abdominal suction lipectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135:491–497e.
La Padula S, Hersant B, Meningaud JP, et al. Intraoperative use of indocyanine green angiography for selecting a more reliable perforator of the anterolateral thigh flap: a comparison study. Microsurgery. 2018;38:738–44.
Losken A, Zenn MR, Hammel JA, et al. Assessment of zonal perfusion using intraoperative angiography during abdominal flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129:618e–24e.
Woodard CR, Most SP. Intraoperative angiography using laser-assisted indocyanine green imaging to map perfusion of forehead flaps. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2012;14:263–9.
Kamolz LP, Andel H, Auer T, et al. Evaluation of skin perfusion by use of indocyanine green video angiography: rational design and planning of trauma surgery. J Trauma. 2006;61:635–41.
Krishnan KG, Schackert G, Steinmeier R. The role of near-infrared angiography in the assessment of post-operative venous congestion in a random pattern, pedicled Island and free flaps. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58:330–8.
Holm C, Mayr M, Höfter E, et al. Assessment of the patency of microvascular anastomoses using microscope-integrated near-infrared angiography: a preliminary study. Microsurgery. 2009;29:509–14.
Kishi K, Imanishi N, Shimizu Y, et al. Alternative 1-step nasal reconstruction technique. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2012;14:116–21.
Kishi K, Nakajima H, Imanishi N. Distally based greater saphenous venoadipofascial- sartorius muscle combined flap with venous anastomosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119:1808–12.
Obana A, Miki T, Hayashi K, et al. Survey of complications of indocyanine green angiography in Japan. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;118:749–53.
Starosoloski Z, Bhavane R, Ghaghada KB, et al. Indocyanine green fluorescence in the second near-infrared (NIR- II) window. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0187563.
Carr JA, Franke D, Caram JR, et al. Shortwave infrared fluorescence imaging with the clinically approved near-infrared dye indocyanine green. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:4465–70.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Okabe, K., Kishi, K. (2023). Evaluation of Blood Perfusion in Skin Flaps. In: Ishizawa, T. (eds) Fluorescence-Guided Surgery. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7372-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7372-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-7371-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-7372-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)