Skip to main content

Cytology of Sinonasal Tract Lesions/Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Atlas of Sinonasal Tract Pathology

Abstract

While surgical biopsy or resection has historically been the diagnostic mainstay for sinonasal (SN) tract lesions and tumors, cytologic sampling of primary lesions or metastases has proven to be an effective means of establishing the diagnosis and staging these lesions. In this chapter, cytology findings of different SN tract lesions are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tatomirovic Z, Skuletic V, Bokun R, et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of head and neck masses: accuracy and diagnostic problems. J BUON. 2009;14(4):653–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Helsel JC, Bardales RH, Mukunyadzi P. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology of malignant neoplasms of the sinonasal tract. Cancer. 2003;99(2):105–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10956.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gupta N, Kaur J, Srinivasan R, et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology in lesions of the nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Acta Cytol. 2011;55(2):135–41. https://doi.org/10.1159/000320907.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Garg D, Mathur K. Clinico-pathological study of space occupying lesions of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(11):FC04–7. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/10662.5150.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Zafar U, Khan N, Afroz N, Hasan SA. Clinicopathological study of non-neoplastic lesions of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2008;51(1):26–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.40386.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Satarkar RN, Srikanth S. Tumors and tumor-like conditions of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx: A study of 206 cases. Indian J Cancer 2016 Oct-Dec 2016;53(4):478–482. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijc.IJC_551_16.

  7. Lam K, Schleimer R, Kern RC. The etiology and pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis: a review of current hypotheses. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2015;15(7):41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-015-0540-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Bush RK, Portnoy JM, Saxon A, Terr AI, Wood RA. The medical effects of mold exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol Feb 2006;117(2):326–333. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.001.

  9. Luong A, Marple BF. Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2004;4(6):465–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-004-0013-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Schnadig VJ, Rassekh CH, Gourley WK. Allergic fungal sinusitis. A report of two cases with diagnosis by intraoperative aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol. 1999;43(2):268–72. https://doi.org/10.1159/000330991.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rane SR, Kadgi NV, Agrawal SA, Kavatkar AN. Nasal discharge cytology an important diagnostic method for allergic fungal sinusitis: report of three cases. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(3):121–2. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/6671.4130.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Manning SC, Schaefer SD, Close LG, Vuitch F. Culture-positive allergic fungal sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;117(2):174–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1991.01870140062007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gelardi M, Luigi Marseglia G, Licari A, et al. Nasal cytology in children: recent advances. Ital J Pediatr. 2012;38:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1824-7288-38-51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Oneson RH, Feldman PS, Newman SA. Aspiration cytology and immunohistochemistry of an orbital aspergilloma. Diagn Cytopathol. 1988;4(1):59–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.2840040114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kumar Behera S, Patro M, Mishra D, Bal A, Behera B, Sahoo S. Fine needle aspiration in aspergilloma of frontal sinus: a case report. Acta Cytol. 2008;52(4):500–4. https://doi.org/10.1159/000325562.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. deShazo RD, Chapin K, Swain RE. Fungal sinusitis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(4):254–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199707243370407.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Montone KT. Pathology of fungal rhinosinusitis: A review. Head Neck Pathol Mar 2016;10(1):40–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-016-0690-0.

  18. Sharma D, Mahajan N, Rao S, Khurana N, Jain S. Invasive maxillary aspergillosis masquerading as malignancy in two cases: utility of cytology as a rapid diagnostic tool. J Cytol. 2012;29(3):194–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9371.101171.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Singh N, Siddaraju N, Kumar S, Muniraj F, Bakshi S, Gopalakrishnan S. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy as an initial diagnostic modality in a clinically unsuspected case of invasive maxillary fungal sinusitis: A case report. Diagn Cytopathol Apr 2010;38(4):290–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.21216.

  20. Singhal N, Raghubanshi G, Handa U, Punia RP, Singhal S. Fine needle aspiration cytology: a useful technique for diagnosis of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Head Neck Pathol Sep 2013;7(3):236–240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-013-0434-3.

  21. Dey S, Misra S, Dutta M. Primary Sinonasal tuberculosis: A diagnostic challenge. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol Jun 2018;56(2):117–121. doi:https://doi.org/10.5152/tao.2018.3191.

  22. Kim KY, Bae JH, Park JS, Lee SS. Primary sinonasal tuberculosis confined to the unilateral maxillary sinus. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7(2):815–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Nawaz G, Khan MR. Primary sinonasal tuberculosis in north-West Pakistan. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2004;14(4):221–4. doi:04.2004/JCPSP.221224

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Prasad KC, Sreedharan S, Chakravarthy Y, Prasad SC. Tuberculosis in the head and neck: experience in India. J Laryngol Otol. 2007;121(10):979–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215107006913.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mahana S, Tomar R, Agrawal R, Saksena R, Manchanda V, Gupta R. Tuberculous lymphadenitis: comparison of cytomorphology, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and rapid mycobacterial culture at a pediatric superspecialty hospital. Cytojournal. 2016;13:17. https://doi.org/10.4103/1742-6413.187070.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Nigam PK, Kumar P, Pathak N, Mittal S. Fine needle aspiration cytology in reactional and non-reactional leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007;73(4):247–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.33635.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. De A, Hasanoor Reja AH, Aggarwal I, et al. Use of fine needle aspirate from peripheral nerves of pure-neural leprosy for cytology and polymerase chain reaction to confirm the diagnosis: A follow-up study of 4 years. Indian J Dermatol 2017 Nov-Dec 2017;62(6):635–643. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_115_17.

  28. Prasad PV, George RV, Kaviarasan PK, Viswanathan P, Tippoo R, Anandhi C. Fine needle aspiration cytology in leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2008 Jul-Aug 2008;74(4):352–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.42902.

  29. Jaswal TS, Jain VK, Jain V, Singh M, Kishore K, Singh S. Evaluation of leprosy lesions by skin smear cytology in comparison to histopathology. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001;44(3):277–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Mehdi G, Maheshwari V, Ansari HA, Saxena S, Sharma R. Modified fine-needle aspiration technique for diagnosis of granulomatous skin lesions with special reference to leprosy and cutaneous tuberculosis. Diagn Cytopathol. 2010;38(6):391–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.21207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Chan TV, Spiegel JH. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis of the membranous nasal septum. J Laryngol Otol. 2007;121(10):998–1002. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215107006421.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Umphress B, Raparia K. Rhinoscleroma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2018;142(12):1533–6. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0073-RA.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bailhache A, Dehesdin D, Francois A, Marie JP, Choussy O. Rhinoscleroma of the sinuses. Rhinology Dec 2008;46(4):338–341.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Sood N, Sood S, Arora S, Deepika. Cytohistological features of rhinoscleroma. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011;54(4):806–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.91523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ahmed AR, El-Badawy ZH, Mohamed IR, Abdelhameed WA. Rhinoscleroma: a detailed histopathological diagnostic insight. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(7):8438–45.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Laudien M. Orphan diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses: Pathogenesis - clinic - therapy. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;14:Doc04. doi:10.3205/cto000119.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Nabet C, Belzunce C, Blanchet D, et al. Histoplasma capsulatum causing sinusitis: a case report in French Guiana and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):595. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3499-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Elansari R, Abada R, Rouadi S, Roubal M, Mahtar M. Histoplasma capsulatum sinusitis: possible way of revelation to the disseminated form of histoplasmosis in HIV patients: case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2016;24:97–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2016.03.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Drak Alsibai K, Couppié P, Blanchet D, et al. Cytological and histopathological Spectrum of histoplasmosis: 15 years of experience in French Guiana. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:591974. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.591974.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Huna-Baron R, Warren FA, Miller W, Jacobs J, Green J, Kupersmith MJ. Mucosal leishmaniasis presenting as sinusitis and optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(6):852–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gul HC, Tosun F, Karakas A, et al. A case of mucosal leishmaniasis: mimicking intranasal tumor with perforation of septum. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2016;49(4):604–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bandyopadhyay A, Bose K. A rare case of cutaneous Leishmaniasis presenting as Rhinophyma. Iran J Pathol. 2015;10(2):155–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. ul Bari A, Ejaz A. Rhinophymous leishmaniasis: A new variant. Dermatol Online J. 2009;15(3)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Mitropoulos P, Konidas P, Durkin-Konidas M. New World cutaneous leishmaniasis: updated review of current and future diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(2):309–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.06.088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(10 Pt 1):1885–9. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2104046.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hardt J, Doyon F, Klinger C, Buhr HJ, Post S. MTL, a composite measure for objectively profiling hospitals on surgical performance in colorectal cancer surgery. Int J Color Dis May 2019;34(5):889–898. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-019-03273-7.

  47. Edriss H, Kelley JS, Demke J, Nugent K. Sinonasal and Laryngeal Sarcoidosis-An Uncommon Presentation and Management Challenge. Am J Med Sci. 2019;357(2):93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2018.11.007.

  48. Baum ED, Boudousquie AC, Li S, Mirza N. Sarcoidosis with nasal obstruction and septal perforation. Ear Nose Throat J. 1998;77(11):896–8. 900–2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Frable MA, Frable WJ. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: efficacy in the diagnosis of head and neck sarcoidosis. Laryngoscope. 1984;94(10):1281–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(6):488–98. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-116-6-488.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Langford CA, Hoffman GS. Rare diseases.3: Wegener’s granulomatosis. Thorax. 1999;54(7):629–37. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.54.7.629.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Michael CW, Flint A. The cytologic features of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1998;110(1):10–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/110.1.10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Dalia S, Sagatys E, Sokol L, Kubal T. Rosai-Dorfman disease: tumor biology, clinical features, pathology, and treatment. Cancer Control. 2014;21(4):322–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/107327481402100408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Niu Y, Li Y, Wang J, et al. Laryngeal Rosai-Dorfman disease (sinus Histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy): a retrospective study of 5 cases. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:8521818. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8521818.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Hussain A, Tandon A, Prayaga AK, Paul TR, Narendra AM. Cytomorphology and histology correlation of Rosai-Dorfman disease: A 15-year study from a tertiary referral Centre in South India. Acta Cytol. 2017;61(1):55–61. https://doi.org/10.1159/000449460.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Rajyalakshmi R, Akhtar M, Swathi Y, Chakravarthi R, Bhaskara Reddy J, Beulah PM. Cytological diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease: A study of twelve cases with emphasis on diagnostic challenges. J Cytol. 2020;37(1):46–52. https://doi.org/10.4103/JOC.JOC_4_19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Shalley S, Chand N, Aggarwal A, Garg LN, Yadav V, Yadav A. Diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology in lesions of Oral cavity and salivary glands: A Clinico-pathological study. Open Dent J. 2018;12:782–90. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901814010782.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. De Las Casas LE, Bardales RH. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of mucous retention cyst of the tongue: distinction from other cystic lesions of the tongue. Diagn Cytopathol. 2000;22(5):308–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0339(200005)22:5<308::aid-dc10>3.0.co;2-h.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Layfield LJ, Gopez EV. Cystic lesions of the salivary glands: cytologic features in fine-needle aspiration biopsies. Diagn Cytopathol. 2002;27(4):197–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.10168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mills SE, Stelow EB, Hunt JL. Tumors of the upper Aerodigestive tract and ear. In: AFIP atlas of tumor pathology, series 4, vol. 17. ARP Press; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Handa U, Chhabra S, Mohan H. Epidermal inclusion cyst: cytomorphological features and differential diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol D2008;36(12):861–863. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.20923.

  62. Baschinsky D, Hameed A, Keyhani-Rofagha S. Fine-needle aspiration cytological features of dermoid cyst of the parotid gland: a report of two cases. Diagn Cytopathol. 1999;20(6):387–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0339(199906)20:6<387::aid-dc13>3.0.co;2-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Thompson LDR. Sinonasal carcinomas. Curr Diagn Pathol. 2006;2006(12):40–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Bishop JA, Guo TW, Smith DF, et al. Human papillomavirus-related carcinomas of the sinonasal tract. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013;37(2):185–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182698673.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. El-Mofty SK, Lu DW. Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA in nonkeratinizing (cylindrical cell) carcinoma of the sinonasal tract: a distinct clinicopathologic and molecular disease entity. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(10):1367–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pas.0000173240.63073.fe.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Larque AB, Hakim S, Ordi J, et al. High-risk human papillomavirus is transcriptionally active in a subset of sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas. Mod Pathol. 2014;27(3):343–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2013.155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lewis JS. Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma: A review with emphasis on emerging histologic subtypes and the role of human papillomavirus. Head Neck Pathol. 2016;10(1):60–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-016-0692-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Chute DJ, Stelow EB. Cytology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma variants. Diagn Cytopathol. 2010;38(1):65–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.21134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Grossl N, Tadros TS, Naib ZM. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the larynx with neck and distant subcutaneous metastases. A case report with fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol. 1996;40(4):756–60. https://doi.org/10.1159/000333953.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Jayaram G, Elsayed EM. Carcinosarcoma of the palate: report of a case with a diagnosis of sarcomatoid metastasis by fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 2005 5;49(5):520–524. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000326198.

  71. Schantz HD, Ramzy I, Tio FO, Buhaug J. Metastatic spindle-cell carcinoma. Cytologic features and differential diagnosis. Acta Cytol. 1985;29(3):435–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lewis JS, Ritter JH, El-Mofty S. Alternative epithelial markers in sarcomatoid carcinomas of the head and neck, lung, and bladder-p63, MOC-31, and TTF-1. Mod Pathol. 2005;18(11):1471–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3800451.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lim SJ, Kim JY, Park KM. Fine needle aspiration cytology of Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of parotid gland: A case report. The Korean Journal of Cytopathology. 2002;13(2):74–44.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Seok JY, Lee KG. Cytologic features of metastatic lymphoepithelial carcinoma in pleural fluid: a case report. Acta Cytol. 2009;53(2):215–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000325128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. El-Nagger AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, Slootweg PJ. WHO classification of head and neck Tumours. 4th ed. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. IARC; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Kanjanavirojkul N, Kularbkaew C, Yutanawiboonchai W. Fine needle aspiration in a malignant lymphoepithelial lesion: a case report. Acta Cytol 2008 2008;52(3):369–372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000325526.

  77. Agaimy A, Hartmann A, Antonescu CR, et al. SMARCB1 (INI-1)-deficient Sinonasal carcinoma: A series of 39 cases expanding the morphologic and Clinicopathologic Spectrum of a recently described entity. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41(4):458–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000797.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Bishop JA, Antonescu CR, Westra WH. SMARCB1 (INI-1)-deficient carcinomas of the sinonasal tract. Am J Surg Pathol Sep 2014;38(9):1282–1289. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000285.

  79. Bell D, Hanna EY, Agaimy A, Weissferdt A. Reappraisal of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma: SMARCB1 (INI1)-deficient sinonasal carcinoma: a single-institution experience. Virchows Arch. 2015;467(6):649–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-015-1853-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Allard FD, Bell D, Stelow EB. Cytopathologic features of SMARCB1 (INI-1)-deficient sinonasal carcinoma. Cancer Cytopathol. 2018;126(8):567–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncy.22020.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Dutta R, Nambirajan A, Mittal S, Roy-Chowdhuri S, Jain D. Cytomorphology of primary pulmonary NUT carcinoma in different cytology preparations. Cancer Cytopathol. 2021;129(1):53–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncy.22342.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kuroda S, Suzuki S, Kurita A, et al. Cytological features of a variant NUT midline carcinoma of the lung harboring the NSD3-NUT fusion gene: A case report and literature review. Case Rep Pathol. 2015;2015:572951. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/572951.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Bellizzi AM, Bruzzi C, French CA, Stelow EB. The cytologic features of NUT midline carcinoma. Cancer. 2009;117(6):508–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncy.20044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Lee T, Choi S, Han J, Choi YL, Lee K. Abrupt Dyskeratotic and Squamoid cells in poorly differentiated carcinoma: case study of two thoracic NUT midline carcinomas with Cytohistologic correlation. J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(5):349–53. https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.07.16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Bellizzi AM, Bourne TD, Mills SE, Stelow EB. The cytologic features of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and olfactory neuroblastoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;129(3):367–76. https://doi.org/10.1309/C00WN1HHJ9AMBJVT.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Rama Reddy B, Rajeswari R, Das B, Uppada R, Sreedhar T, Parankusa N. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Spectrum of Sinonasal Lesions with Histopathological Correlation. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2015;14(2):75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Kak I, Perez-Ordonez B. Sinonasal tract pathology: an updated review of select entities. Diagn Histopathol. 2019;25(7):265–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Tummidi S, Kothari K, Patil R, Singhal SS, Shah V. Sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma-role of on-site FNAC: a case report. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2018;18:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12901-018-0053-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Buch AC, Panicker N, Sarawagi S, Anwekar S, Kharat AT. Fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of paravertebral extraosseus Ewing’s sarcoma. J Cytol. 2010;27(4):146–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9371.73304.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Bordia S, Meena S, Meena BK, Rajak V. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of Ewing’s sarcoma of thoracic spine with extension into the Intradural space. Case Rep Oncol Med. 2014;2014:351386. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/351386.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Miller DL, Roy-Chowdhuri S, Illei P, James A, Hruban RH, Ali SZ. Primary pancreatic Ewing sarcoma: a cytomorphologic and histopathologic study of 13 cases. J Am Soc Cytopathol. 2020;9(6):502–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasc.2020.04.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Fröstad B, Tani E, Brosjö O, Skoog L, Kogner P. Fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis and management of children and adolescents with Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2002;38(1):33–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpo.1260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Thompson LD. Small round blue cell tumors of the sinonasal tract: a differential diagnosis approach. Mod Pathol. 2017;30(s1):S1–S26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2016.119.

  94. Saleh HA, Clayman L, Masri H. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of intraoral and oropharyngeal mass lesions. Cytojournal. 2008;5:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-6413-5-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Stamatakos MD, Houston GD, Fowler CB, Boyd E, Solanki PH. Diagnosis of ameloblastoma of the maxilla by fine needle aspiration. A case report. Acta Cytol. 1995;39(4):817–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Philip JK, Al-Jassar A, Naquib IS, Usmani S, El-Kabani M, Refaat SM. Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of frontal sinus diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. Gulf J Oncolog. 2013;1(13):92–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Liu CY, Tsai HC. Comparison of diagnostic Cytomorphology of natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (nasal type) in conventional smears, liquid-based preparations, and histopathology. Case Rep Pathol. 2018;2018:6264810. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6264810.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Ng WK, Lee CY, Li AS, Cheung LK. Nodal presentation of nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma. Report of two cases with fine needle aspiration cytology findings. Acta Cytol. 2003;47(6):1063–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000326648.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kishimoto K, Kitamura T, Hirayama Y, Tate G, Mitsuya T. Three cases of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma of the nasal type diagnosed by nasal brush cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. 2007;35(2):125–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.20604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Kaur K, Kakkar A, Bhardwaj N, et al. Spectrum of cytomorphological features of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Cytopathology. 2019;30(4):393–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/cyt.12705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Felicia D. Allard .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Allard, F.D., Stelow, E.B. (2023). Cytology of Sinonasal Tract Lesions/Tumors. In: Jain, D., Bishop, J.A. (eds) Atlas of Sinonasal Tract Pathology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7315-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7315-4_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-19-7314-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-19-7315-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics