Abstract
Over the last three decades, studies on conflict sensitivity largely focused on organizational, institutional, technical, and capacity barriers by ignoring the political barriers. Likewise, existing conflict sensitivity approaches, such as ‘Do No Harm’, ‘Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment’ have failed to dig beneath the post-conflict contexts and see the underlying fragilities that can potentially lead to reoccurrence of conflict. These fragilities are diverse, dynamic, and constantly emerging. Bad governance, Climate change impact, stalled transitional justice or food insecurity provide some examples, which continue to fuel nonviolent conflicts and disrupt the path to sustainable peace. As a result, the successful application of conflict sensitivity by development donors in post-conflict development has brought mixed results. In this context, this study proposes Integrated Conflict Sensitivity Framework-ICSF, which is informed by the political settlement framework to critique, interrogate, and reconceptualize conflict sensitivity in post-conflict development. Such politically informed conflict sensitive approach understands as well as analyses how donors should understand the formal political system as well as informal unarticulated political processes that determine the political and economic behaviors of a post-conflict state. Finally, ICSF advocates for inclusive structures, resources distribution and decision-making, which are crucial to peacebuilding, legitimacy, and development in post-conflict.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The concept of political settlement mapping is borrowed from Parks and Cole (2010) to inform Integrated Conflict Sensitive Framework (ICSF).
References
Abrahams D (2020) Land is now the biggest gun: climate change and conflict in Karamoja, Uganda. Clim Dev 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1862740
Addison T, Mansoob Murshed S (2005) Post-conflict reconstruction in Africa: some analytical issues. In: Post-conflict economies in Africa. Springer, pp 3–17
Adhikari TP, Thapa FB, Tamrakar S, Magar PB, Hagen-Zanker J, Babajanian B (2014) How does social protection contribute to social inclusion in Nepal. Evidence from the child grant in the Karnali region. Overseas Development Institute, London
Ahmed ZS (2011) Peace and conflict impact assessment (PCIA): lessons from Pakistan. Peace Conflict Rev 5(2):12–27
Ahmed ZS (2015) Development and conflict sensitivity: a case study of the application of PCIA in Pakistan. Asian J Peacebuild 3
Assa J (2017) Integrating peacebuilding and sustainable development policies in least developed countries. J Peacebuild Dev 12(1):103–107
AusAid (2011) Framework for working in fragile and conflict-affected states. Guidance for staff, Canberra
Baker B (2009) Security in post-conflict Africa: the role of nonstate policing. CRC
Barakat S, Chard M (2002) Theories, rhetoric and practice: recovering the capacities of war-torn societies. Third World Q 23(5):817–835. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659022000028639
Barbolet A, Goldwyn R, Groenewald H, Sherriff A (2005) The utility and dilemmas of conflict sensitivity. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin
Bogati S, Cox FD, Karki S, Sisk TD (2017) Nepal: identity politics in a turbulent transition. In: Peacebuilding in deeply divided societies. Springer, pp 175–213
Brinkerhoff DW (2005) Rebuilding governance in failed states and post-conflict societies: core concepts and cross-cutting themes. Public Adm Dev 25(1):3–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.352
Brown G, Langer A, Stewart F (2008). A Typology of Post-Conflict Environments: An Overview. Crise Working Paper No. 53
Brown S, Goldwyn R, Groenewald H, McGregor J (2009) Conflict sensitivity consortium benchmarking paper. Working Draft, March
Brown G, Langer A, Stewart F (2011) A typology of post-conflict environments. CRPD Working Paper 1:1–22
Bush K (1998) A measure of peace: peace and conflict impact assessment (PCIA) of development projects in conflict zones. D-322-Bush_Kenneth-283
Call CT (2012) Why peace fails: the causes and prevention of civil war recurrence: Georgetown University Press
Carothers T, De Gramont D (2013) Development aid confronts politics: the almost revolution. Brookings Institution Press
Castillejo C (2014) Promoting inclusion in political settlements: a priority for international actors. Report, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre, Oslo
Collier P, Hoeffler A, Söderbom M (2008) Post-conflict risks. J Peace Res 45(4):461–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308091356
De Greiff P (2009) Artuculating the links between transitional justice and development: justice and social integration. In De Greiff P, Duthie R (eds) Transitional justice and development: making connections. Social Science Research Council, New York
Detges A, Klingenfeld D, König C, Pohl B, Rüttinger L, Schewe J, Sedova B, Vivekananda J (2020) 10 Insights on climate impacts and peace. Adelphi Research Gemeinnützige GmbH
DFAT (2022) Health security in Timor-Leste. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/timor-leste/development-assistance/health-security-in-timor-leste
Di John J, Putzel J (2009) Political settlements: issues paper
Dietrich S (2013) Bypass or engage? Explaining donor delivery tactics in foreign aid allocation. Int Stud Quart 57(4):698–712
Douma P (2006) Poverty, relative deprivation and political exclusion as drivers of violent conflict in Sub Saharan Africa. ISYP J Sci World Aff 2(2):59–69
Drucza K (2017) Social inclusion in the post-conflict state of Nepal: donor practice and the political settlement. Glob Soc Policy 17(1):62–88
Edwards M, Hulme D (1996) Too close for comfort? The impact of official aid on nongovernmental organizations. World Dev 24(6):961–973
Eyal G, Szelényi I, Szelényi I, Townsley ER (1998) Making capitalism without capitalists: Class formation and elite struggles in post-communist. Verso, Central Europe
Ghali BB (1992) An agenda for peace, preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping. In: Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992
Goldfinch S, DeRouen Jr K (2014) In it for the long haul? Post-conflict statebuilding, peacebuilding, and the good governance agenda in Timor-Leste. Public Adm Dev 34(2):96–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1679
Goldfinch S, DeRouen Jr K, Pospieszna P (2013) Flying blind? Evidence for good governance public management reform agendas, implementation and outcomes in low income countries. Public Adm Dev 33(1):50–61
Goldwyn R, Chigas D (2013) Monitoring and evaluating conflict sensitivity: methodological challenges and practical solutions. Access: http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/M-files/CCRVI/CCVRI-Monitoring-and-evaluating-conflict-sensitivity-challenges-and-solutions.pdf
Greeley M (2007) Aid that works: successful development in fragile states. World Bank Publications
Grimm S, Weiffen B (2018) Domestic elites and external actors in post-conflict democratisation: mapping interactions and their impact. Taylor & Francis
Gullette D, Rosenberg D (2015) Not just another box to tick: conflict-sensitivity methods and the role of research in development programming. Dev Policy Rev 33(6):703–723
Haider H (2014) Conflict sensitivity: topic guide. GSDRC, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Haider H (2017) Breaking the cycle of violence: applying conflict sensitivity to transitional justice. Confl Secur Dev 17(4):333–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2017.1337420
Jensen D, Lonergan SC (2012) Assessing and restoring natural resources in post-conflict peacebuilding. Earthscan, Abingdon, Oxon
JICA (2002) Research study on peacebuilding
JICA (2006) Handbook for transition assistance
Jones B, Elgin-Cossart M, Esberg J (2012) Pathways out of fragility: the case for a research agenda on inclusive political settlements in fragile states. Center on International Cooperation, New York University, New York
Jütersonke OC, Kartas M, Dauner I, Spurk C (2010) Peace and conflict impact assessment (PCIA). Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Geneva, Madagascar
Kahl CH (1998) Population growth, environmental degradation, and state-sponsored violence: the case of Kenya, 1991–1993. Int Secur 23(2):80–119
Khan M (2010) Political settlements and the governance of growth-enhancing institutions
Koubi V (2019) Climate change and conflict. Annu Rev Polit Sci 22(1):343–360. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070830
Krampe F (2017) Toward sustainable peace: a new research agenda for post-conflict natural resource management. Glob Environ Polit 17(4):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00431
Krampe F, Gignoux S (2018) Water service provision and peacebuilding in East Timor: exploring the socioecological determinants for sustaining peace. J Intervention Statebuilding 12(2):185–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2018.1466945
Krampe F (2014) Climate change mitigation and political legitimacy in post-conflict settings. ISA’s 55th Annual convention spaces and places geopolitics in an era of globalization March 26th–29th, 2014, Toronto, Canada, 26th–29th, 2014
Krampe F, Sherman J (2020) The peacebuilding commission and climate-related security risks: a more favourable political environment
Kruk ME, Freedman LP, Anglin GA, Waldman RJ (2010) Rebuilding health systems to improve health and promote statebuilding in post-conflict countries: a theoretical framework and research agenda. Soc Sci Med 70(1):89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.042
Lambourne W (2008) Towards sustainable peace and development in Sierra Leone: civil society and the peacebuilding commission. J Peacebuild Dev 4(2):47–59
Laws E (2012) Political settlements, elite pacts, and governments of national unity: a conceptual study. Background Paper 10
Leftwich A (2007) Drivers of change: refining the analytical framework to understand the politics of the places we work: notes of guidance for DFID offices. Department of Politics, University of York
Leonhardt M (2002) Providing aid agencies with tools for conflict-sensitive practice: lessons learned from peace and conflict impact assessment (PCIA). J Peacebuild Dev 1(1):39–56
Lindemann S (2008) Do inclusive elite bargains matter? A research framework for understanding the causes of civil war in Sub-Saharan Africa. Crisis States Programme
Malamud M (2018) The Environment as a Factor in Small Wars. Small Wars & Insurgencies 29(2):245–268
Menocal R (2017) Political settlements and the politics of transformation: where do ‘inclusive institutions’ come from? J Int Dev 29(5):559–575. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3284
Modvig J, Pagaduan-Lopez J, Rodenburg J, Salud CMD, Cabigon RV, Panelo CIA (2000) Torture and trauma in post-conflict East Timor. Lancet 356(9243):1763
Morrissey A (2020) COVID-19 and conflict sensitivity
Mosello B, Ruttinger L (2019) Linking adaptation and peacebuilding: lesson learned and the way forward
North DC, Wallis JJ, Weingast BR (2009) Violence and social orders: a conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history. Cambridge University Press
Nyborg I, Nawab B, Khan K, Ali J (2012) Rural development in Swat, Pakistan: understanding food and livelihood security in post conflict contexts. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås
OECD (2001) Helping prevent violent conflict
Ohiorhenuan JFE (2008) Post-conflict economic recovery: enabling local ingenuity. United Nations Development Library
Paffenholz T (2005) Peace and conflict sensitivity in international cooperation: an introductory overview. Int Politik Gesellschaft 4(2005):63–82
Parks T, Cole W (2010) Political settlements: implications for international development policy and practice. Occasional paper 2
Pavignani E (2005) Health service delivery in post-conflict states. In: Third meeting of the high level forum on health MDGs
Pospisil J, Menocal AR (2017) Why political settlements matter: navigating inclusion in processes of institutional transformation. J Int Dev 29(5):551–558
Pugh M (2011) Local agency and political economies of peacebuilding. Stud Ethn Natl 11(2):308–320
Ratner BD, Meinzen-Dick R, Hellin J, Mapedza E, Unruh J, Veening W, Haglund E, May C, Bruch C (2017) Addressing conflict through collective action in natural resource management. Int J Commons 11(2):877–906. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.768
Reiling K, Brady C (2015) Climate change and conflict: an annex to the USAID Climate-Resilient Development Framework
Richmond O (2010) A genealogy of peace and conflict theory. In: Richmond O (ed) Palgrave advances in peacebuilding: critical development and approaches. Palgrave, London, pp 14–38
Rocha Menocal A (2015) Inclusive political settlements: evidence, gaps, and challenges of institutional transformation. International Development Department, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Rüttinger L, Smith DFE, Stang G, Tänzler D, Vivekananda J (2015) A new climate for peace: taking action on climate and fragility risks: an Independent Report Commissioned by the G7 Members. Adelphi
Schneckener U (2002) Making power-sharing work: lessons from successes and failures in ethnic conflict regulation. J Peace Res 39(2):203–228
Shneiderman S, Snellinger A (2014) Framing the issues: the politics of “post-conflict”. In: Cultural anthropology online 24.
Simangan D, Bose S (2021) Oiling the rigs of state-building: a political settlements analysis of petroleum revenue management in Timor-Leste. Asian J Peacebuilding 9
Stewart F (2011) Horizontal inequalities as a cause of conflict: a review of CRISE findings. World Bank, Washington, DC
The Resource Pack (2004) Conflict-sensitive approaches to development, humanitarian assistance and peacebuilding.
United Nations (2009) United Nations policy for post-conflict employment creation, income generation and reintegration Geneva
Upreti BR, Sharma SR, Paudel SB (2014) Food security in post conflict Nepal: challenges and opportunities. Kathmandu University and Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research (NCCR), Kathmandu
Uvin P (1998) Aiding violence: the development enterprise in Rwanda. Kumarian Press
van Baalen S, Mobjörk M (2016) A coming anarchy. In: Pathways from climate change to violent conflict in East Africa. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) & The Swedish Institute of International Affairs
Van Houten P (2007) The World Bank's (post-) conflict agenda: the challenge of integrating development and security. Camb Rev Int Aff 20(4):639–657
Walter BF (2004) Does conflict beget conflict? Explaining recurring civil war. J Peace Res 41(3):371–388
Webersik C (2008) Wars over resources? Evidence from Somalia. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 50(3):46–58
Wilder A, Lister S (2007) State-building at the subnational level in Afghanistan: a missed opportunity. In: Building state and security in Afghanistan, pp 85–101
Winters JA (2011) Oligarchy. Cambridge University Press
World Bank (2011) World development report 2011: conflict, security, and development. The World Bank
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Paudel, P., Winterford, K., Selim, Y. (2023). Exploring the Need for an Integrated Conflict Sensitivity Framework in Development Assistance that Contributes to Peaceful and Sustainable Post-conflict Societies. In: Sharifi, A., Simangan, D., Kaneko, S. (eds) Integrated Approaches to Peace and Sustainability . World Sustainability Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7295-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7295-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-7294-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-7295-9
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)