Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction to In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy

Abstract

The capability to capture the evolution of the structure and properties of nanomaterials in response to external stimuli makes in situ transmission electron microscopy ideally suited to tackle the present challenges of the nanoworld. In situ transmission electron microscopy has become one of the most powerful approaches for revealing physical and chemical process dynamics at atomic resolution. This chapter gives an overview of in situ transmission electron microscopy. The background, the early history, and the current status of in situ transmission electron microscopy are briefly reviewed, and the challenges, as well as future opportunities, are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Porter JR (1976) Antony van Leeuwenhoek: tercentenary of his discovery of bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 40(2):260–269. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.40.2.260-269.1976

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. De Broglie L (1923) Waves and quanta. Nature 112(2815):540–540. https://doi.org/10.1038/112540a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Busch H (1927) Über die Wirkungsweise der Konzentrierungsspule bei der Braunschen Röhre. Archiv für Elektrotechnik 18(6):583–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01656203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Knoll M, Ruska E (1932) Das elektronenmikroskop. Zeitschrift für physik 78(5–6):318–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01330526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Marton L (1935) La microscopie electronique des objets biologiques. Académie Royale de Belgique: Bulletin de la Classe des Sciences 21:553–564

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ruska E (1942) Beitrag zur übermikroskopischen Abbildung bei höheren Drucken. Kolloid-Zeitschrift 100(2):212–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01519549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. von Ardenne M (1942) Reaction chamber over microscopism with the universal electron microscope. Z Phys Chem B-Chem Elem Aufbau Mater 52(1–2):61–71

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hashimoto H, Naiki T, Eto T, Fujiwara K (1968) High temperature gas reaction specimen chamber for an electron microscope. Jpn J Appl Phys 7(8):946–952. https://doi.org/10.1143/jjap.7.946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Moretz RC, Hausner G, Johnson HM, Parsons DF (1969) Design of a wet specimen chamber for investigation of hydrated specimens in electron microscope. Biophys J 9:A194

    Google Scholar 

  10. Swann P, Tighe N (1971) High voltage microscopy of gas oxide reactions. Jernkontorets Annaler 155(8):497–501

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Abrams IM, McBain JW (1944) A closed cell for electron microscopy. J Appl Phys 15(8):607–609. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1707475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Williamson MJ, Tromp RM, Vereecken PM, Hull R, Ross FM (2003) Dynamic microscopy of nanoscale cluster growth at the solid-liquid interface. Nat Mater 2(8):532–536. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Burton E, Sennett R, Ellis S (1947) Specimen changes due to electron bombardment in the electron microscope. Nature 160(4069):565–567. https://doi.org/10.1038/160565b0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hamm FA, Norman EV (1948) Transformations in organic pigments. J Appl Phys 19(12):1097–1109. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1715026

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cherns D, Hutchison JL, Jenkins ML, Hirsch PB, White S (1980) Electron irradiation induced vitrification at dislocations in quartz. Nature 287(5780):314–316. https://doi.org/10.1038/287314a0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Weichan C (1955) Electron microscopical study of extension processes by means of a spreading cartridge. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und mikroskopische Technik 62(3):147–151

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wilsdorf H (1958) Apparatus for the deformation of foils in an electron microscope. Rev Sci Instrum 29(4):323–324. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1716192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Takahashi N, Takeyama T, Ito K, Ito T, Mihama K, Watanabe M (1956) High temperature furnace for the electron microscope. J Electron Microsc 4(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jmicro.a051220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Blech IA, Meieran ES (1967) Direct transmission electron microscope observation of electrotransport in aluminum thin films. Appl Phys Lett 11(8):263–266. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1755127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Iwatsuki M, Murooka K, Kitamura S-i, Takayanagi K, Harada Y (1991) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) for conventional Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). J Electron Microsc 40(1):48–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jmicro.a050869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Dong H, Xu T, Sun Z, Zhang Q, Wu X, He L, Xu F, Sun L (2018) Simultaneous atomic-level visualization and high precision photocurrent measurements on photoelectric devices by in situ TEM. RSC Adv 8(2):948–953. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10696c

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Suzuki K, Ichihara M, Takeuchi S, Nakagawa K, Maeda K, Iwanaga H (1984) In situ TEM observation of dislocation motion in II–VI compounds. Philos Mag A 49(3):451–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/01418618408233287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zewail AH (2005) Diffraction, crystallography and microscopy beyond three dimensions: structural dynamics in space and time. Philos Trans Roy Soc A: Math Phys Eng Sci 363(1827):315–329. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2004.1513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hale ME, Fuller HW, Rubinstein H (1959) Magnetic domain observations by electron microscopy. J Appl Phys 30(5):789–791. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1735233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Uhlig T, Heumann M, Zweck J (2003) Development of a specimen holder for in situ generation of pure in-plane magnetic fields in a transmission electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 94(3):193–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3991(02)00264-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang C, Firestein KL, Fernando JFS, Siriwardena D, von Treifeldt JE, Golberg D (2020) Recent progress of in situ transmission electron microscopy for energy materials. Adv Mater 32(18):1904094. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201904094

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Xu T, Sun L (2016) Investigation on material behavior in liquid by in situ TEM. Superlattices Microstruct 99:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2016.06.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Xu T, Sun L (2015) Dynamic in-situ experimentation on nanomaterials at the atomic scale. Small 11(27):3247–3262. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201403236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Zheng H, Zhu Y (2017) Perspectives on in situ electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 180:188–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.03.022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Xu T, Shen Y, Yin K, Sun L (2019) Precisely monitoring and tailoring 2D nanostructures at the atomic scale. APL Mater 7(5):050901. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5096584

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Liu X, Xu T, Wu X, Zhang Z, Yu J, Qiu H, Hong J-H, Jin C-H, Li J-X, Wang X-R, Sun L-T, Guo W (2013) Top–down fabrication of sub-nanometre semiconducting nanoribbons derived from molybdenum disulfide sheets. Nat Commun 4:1776. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2803

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Shen Y, Xu T, Tan X, He L, Yin K, Wan N, Sun L (2018) In Situ Repair of 2D Chalcogenides under Electron Beam Irradiation. Adv Mater 30(14):1705954. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705954

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Krasheninnikov AV, Nordlund K (2010) Ion and electron irradiation-induced effects in nanostructured materials. J Appl Phys 107(7):071301. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3318261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Xu T, Zhou Y, Tan X, Yin K, He L, Banhart F, Sun L (2017) Creating the smallest BN nanotube from Bilayer h-BN. Adv Func Mater 27(19):1603897. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201603897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tripathi M, Mittelberger A, Pike NA, Mangler C, Meyer JC, Verstraete MJ, Kotakoski J, Susi T (2018) Electron-beam manipulation of silicon dopants in graphene. Nano Lett 18(8):5319–5323. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hinks JA (2009) A review of transmission electron microscopes with in situ ion irradiation. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res, Sect B 267(23):3652–3662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Barwick B, Park HS, Kwon O-H, Baskin JS, Zewail AH (2008) 4D imaging of transient structures and morphologies in ultrafast electron microscopy. Science 322(5905):1227. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164000

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fu X, Chen B, Tang J, Hassan MT, Zewail AH (2017) Imaging rotational dynamics of nanoparticles in liquid by 4D electron microscopy. Science 355(6324):494. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah3582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Yoo B-K, Kwon O-H, Liu H, Tang J, Zewail AH (2015) Observing in space and time the ephemeral nucleation of liquid-to-crystal phase transitions. Nat Commun 6(1):8639. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Zhang M, Olson E, Twesten R, Wen J, Allen L, Robertson I, Petrov I (2005) In situ transmission electron microscopy studies enabled by microelectromechanical system technology. J Mater Res 20(7):1802–1807. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2005.0225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Allard LF, Bigelow WC, Jose-Yacaman M, Nackashi DP, Damiano J, Mick SE (2009) A new MEMS-based system for ultra-high-resolution imaging at elevated temperatures. Microsc Res Tech 72(3):208–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20673

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Yu K, Zhao W, Wu X, Zhuang J, Hu X, Zhang Q, Sun J, Xu T, Chai Y, Ding F, Sun L (2018) In situ atomic-scale observation of monolayer graphene growth from SiC. Nano Res 11(5):2809–2820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1911-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. He L-B, Zhang L, Tan X-D, Tang L-P, Xu T, Zhou Y-L, Ren Z-Y, Wang Y, Teng C-Y, Sun L-T, Nie J-F (2017) Surface energy and surface stability of ag nanocrystals at elevated temperatures and their dominance in sublimation-induced shape evolution. Small 13(27):1700743. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201700743

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lian R, Yu H, He L, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Bu X, Xu T, Sun L (2016) Sublimation of Ag nanocrystals and their wetting behaviors with graphene and carbon nanotubes. Carbon 101:368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. He X, Xu T, Xu X, Zeng Y, Xu J, Sun L, Wang C, Xing H, Wu B, Lu A, Liu D, Chen X, Chu J (2014) In situ atom scale visualization of domain wall dynamics in VO2 insulator-metal phase transition. Sci Rep 4:6544. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Zhang Q, Yin K, Dong H, Zhou Y, Tan X, Yu K, Hu X, Xu T, Zhu C, Xia W, Xu F, Zheng H, Sun L (2017) Electrically driven cation exchange for in situ fabrication of individual nanostructures. Nat Commun 8:14889. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14889

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wan N, Perriat P, Sun L, Huang Q, Sun J, Xu T (2012) Fullerene as electrical hinge. Appl Phys Lett 100(19):193111. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4714682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wan N, Sun L, Ding S, Xu T, Hu X, Sun J, Bi H (2013) Synthesis of graphene–CNT hybrids via joule heating: structural characterization and electrical transport. Carbon 53:260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.10.057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Huang JY, Zhong L, Wang CM, Sullivan JP, Xu W, Zhang LQ, Mao SX, Hudak NS, Liu XH, Subramanian A, Fan H, Qi L, Kushima A, Li J (2010) In situ observation of the electrochemical lithiation of a single SnO2 nanowire electrode. Science 330(6010):1515–1520. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1195628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Xu F, Wu L, Meng Q, Kaltak M, Huang J, Durham JL, Fernandez-Serra M, Sun L, Marschilok AC, Takeuchi ES, Takeuchi KJ, Hybertsen MS, Zhu Y (2017) Visualization of lithium-ion transport and phase evolution within and between manganese oxide nanorods. Nat Commun 8(1):15400. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Wu X, Yu K, Cha D, Bosman M, Raghavan N, Zhang X, Li K, Liu Q, Sun L, Pey K (2018) Atomic scale modulation of self-rectifying resistive switching by interfacial defects. Adv Sci 5(6):1800096. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201800096

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Liu Q, Sun J, Lv H, Long S, Yin K, Wan N, Li Y, Sun L, Liu M (2012) Real-time observation on dynamic growth/dissolution of conductive filaments in oxide-electrolyte-based ReRAM. Adv Mater 24(14):1844–1849. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sun J, He L, Lo Y-C, Xu T, Bi H, Sun L, Zhang Z, Mao SX, Li J (2014) Liquid-like pseudoelasticity of sub-10-nm crystalline silver particles. Nat Mater 13(11):1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Zhong L, Sansoz F, He Y, Wang C, Zhang Z, Mao SX (2017) Slip-activated surface creep with room-temperature super-elongation in metallic nanocrystals. Nat Mater 16(4):439–445. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Zheng H, Cao A, Weinberger CR, Huang JY, Du K, Wang J, Ma Y, Xia Y, Mao SX (2010) Discrete plasticity in sub-10-nm-sized gold crystals. Nat Commun 1(1):144. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Zhu Y, Espinosa HD (2005) An electromechanical material testing system for in situ electron microscopy and applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102(41):14503–14508. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506544102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wang X, Zhong L, Mao SX (2018) Advances in understanding atomic-scale deformation of small-sized face-centered cubic metals with in situ transmission electron microscopy. Mater Today Nano 2:58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2018.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Yu Q, Legros M, Minor A (2015) In situ TEM nanomechanics. MRS Bull 40(1):62–70. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Spiecker E, Oh SH, Shan Z-W, Ikuhara Y, Mao SX (2019) Insights into fundamental deformation processes from advanced in situ transmission electron microscopy. MRS Bull 44(6):443–449. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2019.129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Fernando JFS, Zhang C, Firestein KL, Golberg D (2017) Optical and optoelectronic property analysis of nanomaterials inside transmission electron microscope. Small 13(45):1701564. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Yang S, Wang L, Tian X, Xu Z, Wang W, Bai X, Wang E (2012) The piezotronic effect of zinc oxide nanowires studied by in situ TEM. Adv Mater 24(34):4676–4682. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Dong H, Xu F, Sun Z, Wu X, Zhang Q, Zhai Y, Tan XD, He L, Xu T, Zhang Z, Duan X, Sun L (2019) In situ interface engineering for probing the limit of quantum dot photovoltaic devices. Nat Nanotechnol 14(10):950–956. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0526-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Zheng H, Smith RK, Jun Y-w, Kisielowski C, Dahmen U, Alivisatos AP (2009) Observation of single colloidal platinum nanocrystal growth trajectories. Science 324(5932):1309–1312. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Liao H-G, Zherebetskyy D, Xin H, Czarnik C, Ercius P, Elmlund H, Pan M, Wang L-W, Zheng H (2014) Facet development during platinum nanocube growth. Science 345(6199):916–919. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Liao H-G, Cui L, Whitelam S, Zheng H (2012) Real-time imaging of Pt3Fe nanorod growth in solution. Science 336(6084):1011–1014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Zhou Y, Powers AS, Zhang X, Xu T, Bustillo K, Sun L, Zheng H (2017) Growth and assembly of cobalt oxide nanoparticle rings at liquid nanodroplets with solid junction. Nanoscale 9(37):13915–13921. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr04554a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Zeng Z, Zhang X, Bustillo K, Niu K, Gammer C, Xu J, Zheng H (2015) In situ study of lithiation and delithiation of MoS2 nanosheets using electrochemical liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Nano Lett 15(8):5214–5220. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Niu K-Y, Park J, Zheng H, Alivisatos AP (2013) Revealing bismuth oxide hollow nanoparticle formation by the kirkendall effect. Nano Lett 13(11):5715–5719. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl4035362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Leenheer AJ, Sullivan JP, Shaw MJ, Harris CT (2015) A sealed liquid cell for in situ transmission electron microscopy of controlled electrochemical processes. J Microelectromech Syst 24(4):1061–1068. https://doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2014.2380771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ye X, Jones MR, Frechette LB, Chen Q, Powers AS, Ercius P, Dunn G, Rotskoff GM, Nguyen SC, Adiga VP, Zettl A, Rabani E, Geissler PL, Alivisatos AP (2016) Single-particle mapping of nonequilibrium nanocrystal transformations. Science 354(6314):874. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhu C, Liang S, Song E, Zhou Y, Wang W, Shan F, Shi Y, Hao C, Yin K, Zhang T, Liu J, Zheng H, Sun L (2018) In-situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy investigation on oriented attachment of gold nanoparticles. Nat Commun 9(1):421. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02925-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Yuk JM, Park J, Ercius P, Kim K, Hellebusch DJ, Crommie MF, Lee JY, Zettl A, Alivisatos AP (2012) High-resolution EM of colloidal nanocrystal growth using graphene liquid cells. Science 336(6077):61–64. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1217654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gai PL, Boyes ED (2009) Advances in atomic resolution in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy and 1Å aberration corrected in situ electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 72(3):153–164. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20668

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Luo L, Liu B, Song S, Xu W, Zhang J-G, Wang C (2017) Revealing the reaction mechanisms of Li–O2 batteries using environmental transmission electron microscopy. Nat Nanotechnol 12(6):535–539. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Crozier PA, Hansen TW (2015) In situ and operando transmission electron microscopy of catalytic materials. MRS Bull 40(1):38–45. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Yuan W, Zhu B, Li X-Y, Hansen TW, Ou Y, Fang K, Yang H, Zhang Z, Wagner JB, Gao Y, Wang Y (2020) Visualizing H2O molecules reacting at TiO2 active sites with transmission electron microscopy. Science 367(6476):428. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay2474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China

    Litao Sun & Tao Xu

  2. Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China

    Ze Zhang

Authors
  1. Litao Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tao Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ze Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Litao Sun .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

    Litao Sun

  2. School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

    Tao Xu

  3. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

    Ze Zhang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sun, L., Xu, T., Zhang, Z. (2023). Introduction to In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. In: Sun, L., Xu, T., Zhang, Z. (eds) In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6845-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation