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Regenerative Approaches in the Nervous System

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Regenerative Medicine

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Abstract

The nervous system is the most unique system of the human body in more than one way. The excitable tissue that forms the nervous system generates and transmits electrical impulses that are responsible for command and control of the entire body and its physiological processes. Above all, the nervous system differs from the rest of the body in the way it responds to injury. Unlike the rest of the body, injuries to the nervous system do not heal well and lost functions are rarely recovered. The aftermath of injury and scarring is also quite unusual with the nervous system injuries, making repair and regeneration process more complex. Current clinical approaches are primarily focused on damage control rather than regeneration or functional restoration following any such injuries. However, several innovative approaches are being explored in discovery biology, pre-clinical and clinical settings. Among these, interdisciplinary approaches integrating neurobiology, material sciences, electrophysiology, computer interfaces and advanced robotics all come together to repair and restore the injured nervous system, and thereby redefine our understanding and concepts of regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we will briefly visit the structural and functional organisation of the nervous system into central and peripheral systems, discuss the nature and pathophysiology of the nervous injuries to understand why they are so different from the rest of the body, and explore the regenerative approaches in depth. We will also discuss, in brief, the role of translational gap between the approaches being explored and the clinical practice to better explain the practical challenges in the field of neuro-regeneration.

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Abbreviations

AD-MSC:

Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells

AEC:

Amniotic epithelial cells

AF-MSC:

Amniotic foetal mesenchymal stem cells

ANS:

Autonomic nervous system

ASIA:

American spinal cord injury Association

BBB:

Blood brain barrier

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BM-MSC:

Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells

BSCB:

Blood spinal cord barrier

CNI:

Central nervous system injuries

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSPG:

Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans

CTGF:

Connective tissue growth factor

DRG:

Dorsal root ganglia

EEG:

Electroencephalogram

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EPC:

Endothelial progenitor cells

ESC:

Embryonic stem cells

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

FGF-2:

Fibroblast growth factor 2

FIM:

Functional independence measure

GCS:

Glasgow coma scale

G-CSF:

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor

GDNF:

Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor

GGF:

Glial growth factor

hFSC:

Human foetal stem cells

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

IGF-1:

Insulin like growth factor 1

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

MAP:

Myelin-associated proteins

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NPC:

Neural progenitor cells

NSC:

Neural stem cells

NT-3:

Neurotrophin-3

OEC:

Olfactory ensheathing cells

OPC:

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells

PCL:

Poly caprolactone

PDGF:

Platelet derived growth factor

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

pHEMA:

Poly hydroxyethyl methacrylate

PLGA:

Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid

PLL:

Poly-l-lysine

PNI:

Peripheral nerve injuries

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

PU:

Polyurethane

SCI:

Spinal cord injuries

SCIM:

Spinal cord independence measure

SCs:

Schwann cells

TBI:

Traumatic brain injuries

TGF-β1:

Transforming growth factor Β1

TIA:

Transient ischemic attacks

UBC-MSC:

Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia

    Ronak Reshamwala & Megha Shah

  2. Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia

    Ronak Reshamwala & Megha Shah

  3. School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia

    Ronak Reshamwala & Megha Shah

Authors
  1. Ronak Reshamwala
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  2. Megha Shah
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Correspondence to Ronak Reshamwala .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

    Nishant Chakravorty

  2. School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

    Praphulla Chandra Shukla

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© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

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Reshamwala, R., Shah, M. (2023). Regenerative Approaches in the Nervous System. In: Chakravorty, N., Shukla, P.C. (eds) Regenerative Medicine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_11

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