Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Stem Cell Transplant for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Basics of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

  • 442 Accesses

Abstract

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy, which results from the clonal expansion of myeloblasts in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, or other tissues. AML is the most common leukemia among the adult population and accounts for about 80% of all cases. Based on genetic analysis AML has been divided into good risk, intermediate risk, and high risk. AML is the most common indication for allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo SCT). It is indicated in intermediate and poor-risk AML in first remission, but not in good-risk AML. The most popular preparative regimen for AML is busulfan plus cyclophosphamide (BuCy), though BuCy and Cy plus total body irradiation (CyTBI) lead to similar long-term outcomes in patients with AML. Myeloablative-conditioning (MAC) should be preferred for young fit adults with AML till the age of 55 years and reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) should be preferred in older patients or those with significant comorbidities. Patients with AML in the second remission lacking matched sibling donors are candidates for either matched unrelated or haploidentical donor transplants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Swerdlow S, Campo E, Harris N. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Geneva: WHO; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Döhner H, Wei AH, Appelbaum FR, Craddock C, DiNardo CD, Dombret H, et al. Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2022 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood. 2022;140:1345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Khoury JD, Solary E, Abla O, Akkari Y, Alaggio R, Apperley JF, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of haematolymphoid tumours: myeloid and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022;36(7):1703–19.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. El Chaer F, Hourigan CS, Zeidan AM. How I treat AML in 2023 incorporating the updated classifications and guidelines. Blood. 2023:blood.2022017808.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Nickels EM, Soodalter J, Churpek JE, Godley LA. Recognizing familial myeloid leukemia in adults. Ther Adv Hematol. 2013;4(4):254–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Savage SA, Dufour C. Classical inherited bone marrow failure syndromes with high risk for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. Semin Hematol. 2017;54(2):105–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Schlenk RF, Döhner K, Krauter J, Fröhling S, Corbacioglu A, Bullinger L, et al. Mutations and treatment outcome in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(18):1909–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Tosi P, Visani G, Ottaviani E, Testoni N, Pellacani A, Tura S. Inv(16) acute myeloid leukemia cells show an increased sensitivity to cytosine arabinoside in vitro. Eur J Haematol. 1998;60(3):161–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Paschka P, Marcucci G, Ruppert AS, Mrózek K, Chen H, Kittles RA, et al. Adverse prognostic significance of KIT mutations in adult acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16) and t(8;21): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(24):3904–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Döhner H, Estey EH, Amadori S, Appelbaum FR, Büchner T, Burnett AK, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute myeloid leukemia in adults: recommendations from an international expert panel, on behalf of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2010;115(3):453–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. O’Donnell MR, Tallman MS, et al. NCCN guidelines version 1.2016. Acute myeloid leukemia; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Tallman MS, Wang ES, Altman JK, Appelbaum FR, Bhatt VR, Bixby D, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia, version 3.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2019;17(6):721–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Rowe JM. Optimal induction and post-remission therapy for AML in first remission. Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:396–405.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dumas PY, Bertoli S, Bérard E, Leguay T, Tavitian S, Galtier J, et al. Delivering HDAC over 3 or 5 days as consolidation in AML impacts health care resource consumption but not outcome. Blood Adv. 2020;4(16):3840–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Schaich M, Röllig C, Soucek S, Kramer M, Thiede C, Mohr B, et al. Cytarabine dose of 36 g/m2 compared with 12 g/m2 within first consolidation in acute myeloid leukemia: results of patients enrolled onto the prospective randomized AML96 study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(19):2696–702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sharma SK, Choudhary D, Doval D, Khandelwal V, Setia R, Dadu T, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant for hematological malignancies: experience from a tertiary care center in Northern India and review of Indian data. South Asian J Cancer. 2021;11:62.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. DiNardo CD, Wei AH. How I treat acute myeloid leukemia in the era of new drugs. Blood. 2020;135(2):85–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Papaemmanuil E, Gerstung M, Bullinger L, Gaidzik VI, Paschka P, Roberts ND, et al. Genomic classification and prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(23):2209–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Yeshurun M, Wolach O. When should patients receive consolidation chemotherapy before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission? Curr Opin Hematol. 2018;25(2):75–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Loke J, Buka R, Craddock C. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: who, when, and how? Front Immunol. 2021;12:659595. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2021.659595. Accessed 25 Mar 2022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Hourigan CS, Dillon LW, Gui G, Logan BR, Fei M, Ghannam J, et al. Impact of conditioning intensity of allogeneic transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia with genomic evidence of residual disease. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(12):1273–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Boyiadzis M, Zhang MJ, Chen K, Abdel-Azim H, Abid MB, Aljurf M, et al. Impact of pre-transplant induction and consolidation cycles on AML allogeneic transplant outcomes: a CIBMTR analysis in 3113 AML patients. Leukemia. 2022;37:1006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Liu J, Wu D, Liu Q, Chang Y, Xu Y, Huang F, et al. More than two courses of consolidation therapy pre-transplantation benefits patients with acute myeloid leukemia in the first complete remission who underwent human leukocyte antigen-matched sibling allografts: a multicenter study. Chin Med J. 2022;

    Google Scholar 

  24. Milligan DW, Grimwade D, Cullis JO, Bond L, Swirsky D, Craddock C, et al. Guidelines on the management of acute myeloid leukaemia in adults. Br J Haematol. 2006;135(4):450–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Yanada M, Matsuo K, Emi N, Naoe T. Efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation depends on cytogenetic risk for acute myeloid leukemia in first disease remission: a metaanalysis. Cancer. 2005;103(8):1652–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sureda A, Bader P, Cesaro S, Dreger P, Duarte RF, Dufour C, et al. Indications for allo- and auto-SCT for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: current practice in Europe, 2015. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50(8):1037–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Breems DA, Van Putten WLJ, Huijgens PC, Ossenkoppele GJ, Verhoef GEG, Verdonck LF, et al. Prognostic index for adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(9):1969–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cornelissen JJ, Blaise D. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with AML in first complete remission. Blood. 2016;127(1):62–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Forman SJ, Negrin RS, Antin JH, Appelbaum FR. Thomas’ hematopoietic cell transplantation: stem cell transplantation. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 2015.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. Bacigalupo A, Ballen K, Rizzo D, Giralt S, Lazarus H, Ho V, et al. Defining the intensity of conditioning regimens: working definitions. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15(12):1628–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Shimoni A, Nagler A. Optimizing the conditioning regimen for allogeneic stem-cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia; dose intensity is still in need. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2011;24(3):369–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ferry C, Socié G. Busulfan-cyclophosphamide versus total body irradiation-cyclophosphamide as preparative regimen before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: what have we learned? Exp Hematol. 2003;31(12):1182–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Socié G, Clift RA, Blaise D, Devergie A, Ringden O, Martin PJ, et al. Busulfan plus cyclophosphamide compared with total-body irradiation plus cyclophosphamide before marrow transplantation for myeloid leukemia: long-term follow-up of 4 randomized studies. Blood. 2001;98(13):3569–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Nagler A, Rocha V, Labopin M, Unal A, Ben Othman T, Campos A, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in remission: comparison of intravenous busulfan plus cyclophosphamide (Cy) versus total-body irradiation plus Cy as conditioning regimen--a report from the acute leukemia working party of the European group for blood and marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(28):3549–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Litzow MR, Pérez WS, Klein JP, Bolwell BJ, Camitta B, Copelan EA, et al. Comparison of outcome following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with cyclophosphamide-total body irradiation versus busulphan-cyclophosphamide conditioning regimens for acute myelogenous leukaemia in first remission. Br J Haematol. 2002;119(4):1115–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Copelan EA, Hamilton BK, Avalos B, Ahn KW, Bolwell BJ, Zhu X, et al. Better leukemia-free and overall survival in AML in first remission following cyclophosphamide in combination with busulfan compared with TBI. Blood. 2013;122(24):3863–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Blaise D, Maraninchi D, Archimbaud E, Reiffers J, Devergie A, Jouet JP, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in first remission: a randomized trial of a busulfan-Cytoxan versus Cytoxan-total body irradiation as preparative regimen: a report from the Group d’Etudes de la Greffe de Moelle Osseuse. Blood. 1992;79(10):2578–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Jethava YS, Sica S, Savani B, Socola F, Jagasia M, Mohty M, et al. Conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants in acute myeloid leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2017;52(11):1504–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Buccisano F, Maurillo L, Del Principe MI, Del Poeta G, Sconocchia G, Lo-Coco F, et al. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of minimal residual disease detection in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2012;119(2):332–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Schuurhuis GJ, Heuser M, Freeman S, Béné MC, Buccisano F, Cloos J, et al. Minimal/measurable residual disease in AML: a consensus document from the European LeukemiaNet MRD Working Party. Blood. 2018;131(12):1275–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Heuser M, Freeman SD, Ossenkoppele GJ, Buccisano F, Hourigan CS, Ngai LL, et al. 2021 Update on MRD in acute myeloid leukemia: a consensus document from the European LeukemiaNet MRD Working Party. Blood. 2021;138(26):2753–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Cloos J, Goemans BF, Hess CJ, van Oostveen JW, Waisfisz Q, Corthals S, et al. Stability and prognostic influence of FLT3 mutations in paired initial and relapsed AML samples. Leukemia. 2006;20(7):1217–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Leotta S, Condorelli A, Sciortino R, Milone GA, Bellofiore C, Garibaldi B, et al. Prevention and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia relapse after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: the state of the art and future perspectives. J Clin Med. 2022;11(1):253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Walter RB, Gooley TA, Wood BL, Milano F, Fang M, Sorror ML, et al. Impact of pretransplantation minimal residual disease, as detected by multiparametric flow cytometry, on outcome of myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(9):1190–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Zhang XH, Chen J, Han MZ, Huang H, Jiang EL, Jiang M, et al. The consensus from The Chinese Society of Hematology on indications, conditioning regimens and donor selection for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: 2021 update. J Hematol Oncol. 2021;14:145.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Duan W, Liu X, Jia J, Wang J, Gong L, Jiang Q, et al. The loss or absence of minimal residual disease of <0.1% at any time after two cycles of consolidation chemotherapy in CBFB-MYH11-positive acute myeloid leukaemia indicates poor prognosis. Br J Haematol. 2021;192(2):265–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang J, Lu R, Wu Y, Jia J, Gong L, Liu X, et al. Detection of measurable residual disease may better predict outcomes than mutations based on next-generation sequencing in acute myeloid leukaemia with biallelic mutations of CEBPA. Br J Haematol. 2020;190(4):533–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. de Witte T, Bowen D, Robin M, Malcovati L, Niederwieser D, Yakoub-Agha I, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MDS and CMML: recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood. 2017;129(13):1753–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Bornhäuser M, Kienast J, Trenschel R, Burchert A, Hegenbart U, Stadler M, et al. Reduced-intensity conditioning versus standard conditioning before allogeneic haemopoietic cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia in first complete remission: a prospective, open-label randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(10):1035–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Scott BL, Pasquini MC, Logan BR, Wu J, Devine SM, Porter DL, et al. Myeloablative versus reduced-intensity hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(11):1154–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Scott BL. Long-term follow up of BMT CTN 0901, a randomized phase III trial comparing myeloablative (MAC) to reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) prior to hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplasia (MDS) (MAvRIC trial). Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020;26(3):S11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Kröger N, Iacobelli S, Franke GN, Platzbecker U, Uddin R, Hübel K, et al. Dose-reduced versus standard conditioning followed by allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: a prospective randomized phase III study of the EBMT (RICMAC trial). J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(19):2157–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Abdul Wahid SF, Ismail NA, Mohd-Idris MR, Jamaluddin FW, Tumian N, Sze-Wei EY, et al. Comparison of reduced-intensity and myeloablative conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23(21):2535–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Martino R, Iacobelli S, Brand R, Jansen T, van Biezen A, Finke J, et al. Retrospective comparison of reduced-intensity conditioning and conventional high-dose conditioning for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using HLA-identical sibling donors in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2006;108(3):836–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Shimoni A, Hardan I, Shem-Tov N, Yeshurun M, Yerushalmi R, Avigdor A, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in AML and MDS using myeloablative versus reduced-intensity conditioning: the role of dose intensity. Leukemia. 2006;20(2):322–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sharma SK, Choudhary D, Doval D, Khandelwal V, Patel A, Setia R, et al. Myeloablative versus reduced intensity conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant for acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: a retrospective analysis. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2021;37(3):472–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Loke J, Malladi R, Moss P, Craddock C. The role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the management of acute myeloid leukaemia: a triumph of hope and experience. Br J Haematol. 2020;188(1):129–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Passweg JR, Labopin M, Cornelissen J, Volin L, Socié G, Huynh A, et al. Conditioning intensity in middle-aged patients with AML in first CR: no advantage for myeloablative regimens irrespective of the risk group-an observational analysis by the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50(8):1063–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Cao XY, Chen JQ, Wang H, Ma W, Liu WW, Zhang FF, et al. Addition of venetoclax to myeloablative conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in high-risk AML. Ann Med. 2023;55(1):388–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Gyurkocza B, Sandmaier BM. Conditioning regimens for hematopoietic cell transplantation: one size does not fit all. Blood. 2014;124(3):344–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Champlin R, Khouri I, Shimoni A, Gajewski J, Kornblau S, Molldrem J, et al. Harnessing graft-versus-malignancy: non-myeloablative preparative regimens for allogeneic haematopoietic transplantation, an evolving strategy for adoptive immunotherapy. Br J Haematol. 2000;111(1):18–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Shimoni A, Hardan I, Shem-Tov N, Rand A, Herscovici C, Yerushalmi R, et al. Comparison between two fludarabine-based reduced-intensity conditioning regimens before allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: fludarabine/melphalan is associated with higher incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease and non-relapse mortality and lower incidence of relapse than fludarabine/busulfan. Leukemia. 2007;21(10):2109–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Eapen M, Brazauskas R, Hemmer M, Perez WS, Steinert P, Horowitz MM, et al. Hematopoietic cell transplant for acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: conditioning regimen intensity. Blood Adv. 2018;2(16):2095–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Baron F, Labopin M, Peniket A, Jindra P, Afanasyev B, Sanz MA, et al. Reduced-intensity conditioning with fludarabine and busulfan versus fludarabine and melphalan for patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Cancer. 2015;121(7):1048–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Kawamura K, Kako S, Mizuta S, Ishiyama K, Aoki J, Yano S, et al. Comparison of conditioning with fludarabine/busulfan and fludarabine/melphalan in allogeneic transplantation recipients 50 years or older. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23(12):2079–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Jain T, Alahdab F, Firwana B, Sonbol MB, Almader-Douglas D, Palmer J. Choosing a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation, Fludarabine/Busulfan versus Fludarabine Melphalan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019;25(4):728–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Chhabra S, Ahn KW, Hu ZH, Jain S, Assal A, Cerny J, et al. Myeloablative vs reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood Adv. 2018;2(21):2922–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Kolb HJ, Schattenberg A, Hertenstein B, Jacobsen N, Arcese W, Ljungman P, et al. Graft-versus-leukemia effect of donor lymphocyte transfusions in marrow grafted patients. Blood. 1995;86:2041.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Mackinnon S, Papadopoulos EB, Carabasi MH, Reich L, Collins NH, Boulad F, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy evaluating escalating doses of donor leukocytes for relapse of chronic myeloid leukemia after bone marrow transplantation: separation of graft-versus-leukemia responses from graft-versus-host disease. Blood. 1995;86(4):1261–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bashey A, Zhang X, Sizemore CA, Manion K, Brown S, Holland HK, et al. T-cell-replete HLA-haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation for hematologic malignancies using post-transplantation cyclophosphamide results in outcomes equivalent to those of contemporaneous HLA-matched related and unrelated donor transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(10):1310–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. How J, Slade M, Vu K, DiPersio JF, Westervelt P, Uy GL, et al. T cell-replete peripheral blood haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide results in outcomes similar to transplantation from traditionally matched donors in active disease acute myeloid leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23(4):648–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Chang YJ, Wang Y, Liu YR, Xu LP, Zhang XH, Chen H, et al. Haploidentical allograft is superior to matched sibling donor allograft in eradicating pre-transplantation minimal residual disease of AML patients as determined by multiparameter flow cytometry: a retrospective and prospective analysis. J Hematol Oncol. 2017;10(1):134.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Chang YJ, Zhao XY, Huang XJ. Haploidentical stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: current therapies, challenges and future prospective. Front Oncol. 2021;11:758512. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fonc.2021.758512. Accessed 11 Mar 2022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Bazarbachi A, Bug G, Baron F, Brissot E, Ciceri F, Dalle IA, et al. Clinical practice recommendation on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia patients with FLT3-internal tandem duplication: a position statement from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Haematologica. 2020;105(6):1507–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Zhao X, Wang Z, Ruan G, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, et al. Impact of pre-transplantation minimal residual disease determined by multiparameter flow cytometry on the outcome of AML patients with FLT3-ITD after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol. 2018;97(6):967–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Yu S, Huang F, Wang Y, Xu Y, Yang T, Fan Z, et al. Haploidentical transplantation might have superior graft-versus-leukemia effect than HLA-matched sibling transplantation for high-risk acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission: a prospective multicentre cohort study. Leukemia. 2020;34(5):1433–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Chang YJ, Wang Y, Xu LP, Zhang XH, Chen H, Chen YH, et al. Haploidentical donor is preferred over matched sibling donor for pre-transplantation MRD positive ALL: a phase 3 genetically randomized study. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13(1):27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Chang YJ, Huang XJ. Is human leukocyte antigen-matched sibling donor transplant always better than haploidentical allograft? Semin Hematol. 2019;56(3):201–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Nagler A, Labopin M, Houhou M, Aljurf M, Mousavi A, Hamladji RM, et al. Outcome of haploidentical versus matched sibling donors in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a study from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Hematol Oncol. 2021;14(1):53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Massei MS, Capolsini I, Mastrodicasa E, Perruccio K, Arcioni F, Cerri C, et al. HLA-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cells transplantation with regulatory and conventional T-cell adoptive immunotherapy in pediatric patients with very high-risk acute leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2023;58:526.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Guo H, Chang YJ, Hong Y, Xu LP, Wang Y, Zhang XH, et al. Dynamic immune profiling identifies the stronger graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects with haploidentical allografts compared to HLA-matched stem cell transplantation. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(5):1172–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Schmid C, Schleuning M, Ledderose G, Tischer J, Kolb HJ. Sequential regimen of chemotherapy, reduced-intensity conditioning for allogeneic stem-cell transplantation, and prophylactic donor lymphocyte transfusion in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(24):5675–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Schmid C, Schleuning M, Schwerdtfeger R, Hertenstein B, Mischak-Weissinger E, Bunjes D, et al. Long-term survival in refractory acute myeloid leukemia after sequential treatment with chemotherapy and reduced-intensity conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2006;108(3):1092–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Owattanapanich W, Ungprasert P, Wais V, Kungwankiattichai S, Bunjes D, Kuchenbauer F. FLAMSA-RIC for stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1437.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Sheth V, Labopin M, Canaani J, Volin L, Brecht A, Ganser A, et al. Comparison of FLAMSA-based reduced intensity conditioning with treosulfan/fludarabine conditioning for patients with acute myeloid leukemia: an ALWP/EBMT analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2019;54(4):531–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Heinicke T, Labopin M, Schmid C, Polge E, Socié G, Blaise D, et al. Reduced relapse incidence with FLAMSA-RIC compared with busulfan/fludarabine for acute myelogenous leukemia patients in first or second complete remission: a study from the acute leukemia working party of the European Society for blood and marrow transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018;24(11):2224–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Decroocq J, Itzykson R, Vigouroux S, Michallet M, Yakoub-Agha I, Huynh A, et al. Similar outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation after myeloablative and sequential conditioning regimen in patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: a study from the Société Francophone de Greffe de Moelle et de Thérapie Cellulaire. Am J Hematol. 2018;93(3):416–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kröger N. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for elderly patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood. 2012;119(24):5632–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Nakai K, Kanda Y, Fukuhara S, Sakamaki H, Okamoto S, Kodera Y, et al. Value of chemotherapy before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling donor for myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia. 2005;19(3):396–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Buchholz S, Dammann E, Stadler M, Krauter J, Beutel G, Trummer A, et al. Cytoreductive treatment with clofarabine/ara-C combined with reduced-intensity conditioning and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with high-risk, relapsed, or refractory acute myeloid leukemia and advanced myelodysplastic syndrome. Eur J Haematol. 2012;88(1):52–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Schroeder T, Rachlis E, Bug G, Stelljes M, Klein S, Steckel NK, et al. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with azacitidine and donor lymphocyte infusions--a retrospective multicenter analysis from the German Cooperative Transplant Study Group. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21(4):653–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Rautenberg C, Germing U, Haas R, Kobbe G, Schroeder T. Relapse of acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: prevention, detection, and treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(1):228.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Schmid C, Labopin M, Schaap N, Veelken H, Schleuning M, Stadler M, et al. Prophylactic donor lymphocyte infusion after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in acute leukaemia - a matched pair analysis by the Acute Leukaemia Working Party of EBMT. Br J Haematol. 2019;184(5):782–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Zeidan AM, Forde PM, Symons H, Chen A, Smith BD, Pratz K, et al. HLA-haploidentical donor lymphocyte infusions for patients with relapsed hematologic malignancies after related HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20(3):314–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Guillaume T, Gaugler B, Chevallier P, Delaunay J, Ayari S, Clavert A, et al. Escalated lymphodepletion followed by donor lymphocyte infusion can induce a graft-versus-host response without overwhelming toxicity. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47(8):1112–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Huang XJ, Wang Y, Liu DH, Xu LP, Chen H, Chen YH, et al. Modified donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) for the prophylaxis of leukemia relapse after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with advanced leukemia--feasibility and safety study. J Clin Immunol. 2008;28(4):390–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. McCurdy SR, Luznik L. How we perform haploidentical stem cell transplantation with posttransplant cyclophosphamide. Blood. 2019;134(21):1802–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Labopin M, Brissot E, Kroger N, Finke J, Ciceri F, et al. Second allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation using HLA-matched unrelated versus T-cell replete haploidentical donor and survival in relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2021;193(3):592–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Ossenkoppele G, Löwenberg B. How I treat the older patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2015;125(5):767–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Rashidi A, Ebadi M, Colditz GA, DiPersio JF. Outcomes of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22(4):651–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ciurea SO, Shah MV, Saliba RM, Gaballa S, Kongtim P, Rondon G, et al. Haploidentical transplantation for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018;24(6):1232–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Sun YQ, Zhang XH, Jiang Q, Jiang H, Chang YJ, Wang Y, et al. Comparison of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with chemotherapy in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2023;58:491.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Döhner H, Estey E, Grimwade D, Amadori S, Appelbaum FR, Büchner T, et al. Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood. 2017;129(4):424–47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Weisdorf DJ, Millard HR, Horowitz MM, Hyare PS, Champlin R, Ho V, et al. Allogeneic transplantation for advanced acute myeloid leukemia: the value of complete remission. Cancer. 2017;123(11):2025–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Craddock C, Labopin M, Pillai S, Finke J, Bunjes D, Greinix H, et al. Factors predicting outcome after unrelated donor stem cell transplantation in primary refractory acute myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia. 2011;25(5):808–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Karlsson L, Cheuk D, De Moerloose B, Hasle H, Jahnukainen K, Juul-Dam KL, et al. Characteristics and outcome of primary resistant disease in paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2023;201:757.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Platzbecker U, Wermke M, Radke J, Oelschlaegel U, Seltmann F, Kiani A, et al. Azacitidine for treatment of imminent relapse in MDS or AML patients after allogeneic HSCT: results of the RELAZA trial. Leukemia. 2012;26(3):381–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Goodyear O, Agathanggelou A, Novitzky-Basso I, Siddique S, McSkeane T, Ryan G, et al. Induction of a CD8+ T-cell response to the MAGE cancer testis antigen by combined treatment with azacitidine and sodium valproate in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia. Blood. 2010;116(11):1908–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Choi J, Ritchey J, Prior JL, Holt M, Shannon WD, Deych E, et al. In vivo administration of hypomethylating agents mitigate graft-versus-host disease without sacrificing graft-versus-leukemia. Blood. 2010;116(1):129–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Goodyear OC, Dennis M, Jilani NY, Loke J, Siddique S, Ryan G, et al. Azacitidine augments expansion of regulatory T cells after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood. 2012;119(14):3361–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Guillaume T, Malard F, Magro L, Labopin M, Tabrizi R, Borel C, et al. Prospective phase II study of prophylactic low-dose azacitidine and donor lymphocyte infusions following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for high-risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2019;54(11):1815–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Steinmann J, Bertz H, Wäsch R, Marks R, Zeiser R, Bogatyreva L, et al. 5-Azacytidine and DLI can induce long-term remissions in AML patients relapsed after allograft. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50(5):690–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Appelbaum FR, Kopecky KJ. Long-term survival after chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia: the experience of the Southwest Oncology Group. Cancer. 1997;80(11 Suppl):2199–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Baron F, Storb R, Storer BE, Maris MB, Niederwieser D, Shizuru JA, et al. Factors associated with outcomes in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with nonmyeloablative conditioning after failed myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(25):4150–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Canaani J, Labopin M, Huang XJ, Ciceri F, Van Lint MT, Bruno B, et al. Minimal residual disease status predicts outcome of acute myeloid leukaemia patients undergoing T-cell replete haploidentical transplantation. An analysis from the Acute Leukaemia Working Party (ALWP) of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Br J Haematol. 2018;183(3):411–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Döhner K, Thiede C, Jahn N, Panina E, Gambietz A, Larson RA, et al. Impact of NPM1/FLT3-ITD genotypes defined by the 2017 European LeukemiaNet in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2020;135(5):371–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Gorin NC, Labopin M, Blaise D, de Groot M, Socié G, Bourhis JH, et al. Stem cell transplantation from a haploidentical donor versus a genoidentical sister for adult male patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in first remission: a retrospective study from the acute leukemia working party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Cancer. 2020;126(5):1004–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Shabbir-Moosajee M, Lombardi L, Ciurea SO. An overview of conditioning regimens for haploidentical stem cell transplantation with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide. Am J Hematol. 2015;90(6):541–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Ma L, Han X, Jiang S, Meng Q, Zhang L, Bao H. Haploidentical stem cell transplantation vs matched unrelated donor transplantation in adults with hematologic malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hematol Amst Neth. 2020;25(1):356–65.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Santoro N, Labopin M, Giannotti F, Ehninger G, Niederwieser D, Brecht A, et al. Unmanipulated haploidentical in comparison with matched unrelated donor stem cell transplantation in patients 60 years and older with acute myeloid leukemia: a comparative study on behalf of the ALWP of the EBMT. J Hematol Oncol. 2018;11(1):55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Marcoux C, Marin D, Ramdial J, AlAtrash G, Alousi AM, Oran B, et al. Younger haploidentical donor versus older matched unrelated donor for patients with AML/MDS. Am J Hematol. 2023;98:712.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. DeFilipp Z, Chen YB. How I treat with maintenance therapy after allogeneic HCT. Blood. 2023;141(1):39–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Soiffer RJ. Maintenance therapy for high-risk acute leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: wait a minute. Blood Adv. 2020;4(13):3205–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Kayser S, Levis MJ. The clinical impact of the molecular landscape of acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2023;108(2):308–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Zhao Y, Chen X, Feng S. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in acute myelogenous leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019;25(9):e285–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Cornelissen JJ, Versluis J, Passweg JR, van Putten WLJ, Manz MG, Maertens J, et al. Comparative therapeutic value of post-remission approaches in patients with acute myeloid leukemia aged 40-60 years. Leukemia. 2015;29(5):1041–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Gorin NC, Labopin M, Blaise D, Reiffers J, Meloni G, Michallet M, et al. Higher incidence of relapse with peripheral blood rather than marrow as a source of stem cells in adults with acute myelocytic leukemia autografted during the first remission. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(24):3987–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Bertoli S, Tavitian S, Huynh A, Borel C, Guenounou S, Luquet I, et al. Improved outcome for AML patients over the years 2000–2014. Blood Cancer J. 2017;7(12):635. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5802565/. Accessed 14 Jun 2022.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. Chen J, Yang L, Fan Y, Xu Y, Han Y, Tang X, et al. Comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation versus haploidentical donor stem cell transplantation for favorable- and intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia patients in first complete remission. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018;24(4):779–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Gorin NC, Labopin M, Blaise D, Dumas PY, Pabst T, Trisolini SM, et al. Optimizing the pretransplant regimen for autologous stem cell transplantation in acute myelogenous leukemia: better outcomes with busulfan and melphalan compared with busulfan and cyclophosphamide in high risk patients autografted in first complete remission: a study from the acute leukemia working party of the EBMT. Am J Hematol. 2018;93(7):859–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Dusenbery KE, Daniels KA, McClure JS, McGlave PB, Ramsay NK, Blazar BR, et al. Randomized comparison of cyclophosphamide-total body irradiation versus busulfan-cyclophosphamide conditioning in autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;31(1):119–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Gorin NC, Giebel S, Labopin M, Savani BN, Mohty M, Nagler A. Autologous stem cell transplantation for adult acute leukemia in 2015: time to rethink? Present status and future prospects. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50(12):1495–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Holter Chakrabarty JL, Rubinger M, Le-Rademacher J, Wang HL, Grigg A, Selby GB, et al. Autologous is superior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute promyelocytic leukemia in second complete remission. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20(7):1021–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Gorin NC, Labopin M, Czerw T, Pabst T, Blaise D, Dumas PY, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for adult acute myelocytic leukemia in first remission-better outcomes after busulfan and melphalan compared with busulfan and cyclophosphamide: a retrospective study from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Cancer. 2017;123(5):824–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Pang A, Huo Y, Shen B, Zheng Y, Jiang E, Feng S, et al. Optimizing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute leukemia. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2021;10(S2):S75–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Gorin NC. History and development of autologous stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Hematol Int. 2021;3(3):83–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Djulbegovic B, Stem Cell Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Allogeneic peripheral blood stem-cell compared with bone marrow transplantation in the management of hematologic malignancies: an individual patient data meta-analysis of nine randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(22):5074–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Storb R, Antin JH, Cutler C. Should methotrexate plus calcineurin inhibitors be considered standard of care for prophylaxis of acute graft-versus-host disease? Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2010;16(1 Suppl):S18–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Zhao Y, Shi J, Luo Y, Gao F, Tan Y, Lai X, et al. Calcineurin inhibitors replacement by ruxolitinib as graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis for patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020;26(5):e128–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Christopher MJ, Petti AA, Rettig MP, Miller CA, Chendamarai E, Duncavage EJ, et al. Immune escape of relapsed AML cells after allogeneic transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(24):2330–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  141. Vago L, Perna SK, Zanussi M, Mazzi B, Barlassina C, Stanghellini MTL, et al. Loss of mismatched HLA in leukemia after stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(5):478–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Adès L, Itzykson R, Fenaux P. Myelodysplastic syndromes. Lancet. 2014;383(9936):2239–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Greenberg PL, Stone RM, Bejar R, Bennett JM, Bloomfield CD, Borate U, et al. Myelodysplastic syndromes, version 2.2015. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2015;13(3):261–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Garcia-Manero G. Myelodysplastic syndromes: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(1):97–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Swerdllow SH, Campo E, Harris NL. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: IARC Press; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Killick SB, Carter C, Culligan D, Dalley C, Das-Gupta E, Drummond M, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol. 2014;164(4):503–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Malcovati L, Papaemmanuil E, Ambaglio I, Elena C, Gallì A, Della Porta MG, et al. Driver somatic mutations identify distinct disease entities within myeloid neoplasms with myelodysplasia. Blood. 2014;124(9):1513–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Killick SB, Ingram W, Culligan D, Enright H, Kell J, Payne EM, et al. British Society for Haematology guidelines for the management of adult myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol. 2021;194(2):267–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Fu Y, Schroeder T, Zabelina T, Badbaran A, Bacher U, Kobbe G, et al. Postallogeneic monitoring with molecular markers detected by pretransplant next-generation or Sanger sequencing predicts clinical relapse in patients with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Eur J Haematol. 2014;92(3):189–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Greenberg PL, Tuechler H, Schanz J, Sanz G, Garcia-Manero G, Solé F, et al. Revised international prognostic scoring system for myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2012;120(12):2454–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Della Porta MG, Tuechler H, Malcovati L, Schanz J, Sanz G, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Validation of WHO classification-based Prognostic Scoring System (WPSS) for myelodysplastic syndromes and comparison with the revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R). A study of the International Working Group for Prognosis in Myelodysplasia (IWG-PM). Leukemia. 2015;29(7):1502–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Lim Z, Brand R, Martino R, van Biezen A, Finke J, Bacigalupo A, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for patients 50 years or older with myelodysplastic syndromes or secondary acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(3):405–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Damaj G, Duhamel A, Robin M, Beguin Y, Michallet M, Mohty M, et al. Impact of azacitidine before allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndromes: a study by the Société Française de Greffe de Moelle et de Thérapie-Cellulaire and the Groupe-Francophone des Myélodysplasies. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(36):4533–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Malcovati L, Hellström-Lindberg E, Bowen D, Adès L, Cermak J, Del Cañizo C, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary myelodysplastic syndromes in adults: recommendations from the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2013;122(17):2943–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Sekeres MA, Cutler C. How we treat higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2014;123(6):829–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Bhatia S. Therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia. Semin Oncol. 2013;40(6):666–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Stone RM. How I treat patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2009;113(25):6296–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Cutler CS, Lee SJ, Greenberg P, Deeg HJ, Pérez WS, Anasetti C, et al. A decision analysis of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for the myelodysplastic syndromes: delayed transplantation for low-risk myelodysplasia is associated with improved outcome. Blood. 2004;104(2):579–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Cazzola M, Della Porta MG, Travaglino E, Malcovati L. Classification and prognostic evaluation of myelodysplastic syndromes. Semin Oncol. 2011;38(5):627–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Alessandrino EP, Della Porta MG, Bacigalupo A, Van Lint MT, Falda M, Onida F, et al. WHO classification and WPSS predict posttransplantation outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: a study from the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Blood. 2008;112(3):895–902.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Danielson N, Byrne M. Indications for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in myelodysplastic syndrome. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2020;15(4):268–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Luger SM, Ringdén O, Zhang MJ, Pérez WS, Bishop MR, Bornhauser M, et al. Similar outcomes using myeloablative vs reduced-intensity allogeneic transplant preparative regimens for AML or MDS. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47(2):203–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Martino R, de Wreede L, Fiocco M, van Biezen A, von dem Borne PA, Hamladji RM, et al. Comparison of conditioning regimens of various intensities for allogeneic hematopoietic SCT using HLA-identical sibling donors in AML and MDS with <10% BM blasts: a report from EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48(6):761–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Robin M, Porcher R, Adès L, Raffoux E, Michallet M, François S, et al. HLA-matched allogeneic stem cell transplantation improves outcome of higher risk myelodysplastic syndrome A prospective study on behalf of SFGM-TC and GFM. Leukemia. 2015;29(7):1496–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. de Witte T, Hagemeijer A, Suciu S, Belhabri A, Delforge M, Kobbe G, et al. Value of allogeneic versus autologous stem cell transplantation and chemotherapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Final results of a prospective randomized European Intergroup Trial. Haematologica. 2010;95(10):1754–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Yang G, Wang X, Huang S, Huang R, Wei J, Wang X, et al. Generalist in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MDS or AML: epigenetic therapy. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1034438. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034438. Accessed 14 Feb 2023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Michel C, Robin M, Morisset S, Blaise D, Maertens J, Chevalier P, et al. Outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with haploidentical versus HLA-matched donors in patients with higher-risk MDS. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2023;58:534.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  168. Roloff GW, Lai C, Hourigan CS, Dillon LW. Technical advances in the measurement of residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Med. 2017;6(9):E87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Kim T, Moon JH, Ahn JS, Kim YK, Lee SS, Ahn SY, et al. Next-generation sequencing-based posttransplant monitoring of acute myeloid leukemia identifies patients at high risk of relapse. Blood. 2018;132(15):1604–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Kim J, Hwang IS, Shin S, Choi JR, Lee ST. SNP-based next-generation sequencing reveals low-level mixed chimerism after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol. 2018;97(9):1731–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Lee JM, Kim YJ, Park SS, Han E, Kim M, Kim Y. Simultaneous monitoring of mutation and chimerism using next-generation sequencing in myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Med. 2019;8(12):E2077.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Platzbecker U, Middeke JM, Sockel K, Herbst R, Wolf D, Baldus CD, et al. Measurable residual disease-guided treatment with azacitidine to prevent haematological relapse in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia (RELAZA2): an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(12):1668–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hemato-oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Venkateshwar Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sanjeev Kumar Sharma

Authors
  1. Sanjeev Kumar Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sharma, S.K. (2023). Stem Cell Transplant for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. In: Basics of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5802-1_30

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5802-1_30

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-19-5801-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-19-5802-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation