Abstract
There is a growing emphasis, globally, on aligning tertiary education with graduate employability. Much of this effort is directed towards young people’s transiting from schooling to paid work via university and vocational education programmes. Yet, less attention is paid to sustaining working-age adults’ employability through educational provisions. As employability embraces sustaining employment and seeking advancement across working life, it comprises an important educational provision. Drawing on findings of an investigation of Singaporean tertiary education institutions’ continuing education and training (CET) provisions, this chapter proposes how they might be effectively designed, developed and enacted. Adopting a sociocultural perspective, it comprised concurrent phases of interviews with CET graduates (n = 180) and employers (n = 40), a survey of working-age Singaporeans (n = 860) and focus groups with CET educators and administrators. From the findings, sets of principles for the design and enactment of CET programmes focused on accessibility and effectiveness are advanced. In conclusion, although informed by Singaporean tertiary education, the findings reported here have broader applicability in promoting their employability and implications for working-age adults’ sense of self.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aboshaiqah, A., Qasim, A., Abualwafa, N., & Al-Bashaireh, A. M. (2012). Barriers for continuing professional development among nurses in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Journal of Nursing, 6(3), 22–27.
Ayres, P., Dinham, S., & Sawyer, W. (2000). Successful senior secondary teaching. Australian College of Education.
Aziz, Z., Chong, N. J., & Abdul Rahman, S. S. (2013). Continuing professional development: Views and barriers toward participation among Malaysian pharmacists. European Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 4(1), 713–726.
Bamber, J., & Tett, L. (2000). Transforming the learning experiences of non-traditional students: A perspective from higher education. Studies in Continuing Education, 22(1), 57–75.
Berliner, D. C. (2001). Learning about and learning from expert teachers. International Journal of Educational Research, 35(5), 463–482.
Berliner, D. C. (2004). Describing the behavior and documenting the accomplishments of expert teachers. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 24(3), 200–212.
Billett, S. (2001). Co-participation at work: Affordance and engagement. New Directions in Adult and Continuing Education, 92, 63–72.
Billett, S. (2006). Relational interdependence between social and individual agency in work and working life. Mind, Culture and Activity, 13(1), 53–69.
Billett, S. (2008). Subjectivity, learning and work: Sources and legacies. Vocations and Learning: Studies in Vocational and Professional Education, 1(2), 149–171.
Billett, S. (2009). Personal epistemologies, work and learning. Educational Research Review, 4(3), 210–219.
Billett, S. (2015). Readiness and learning in healthcare education. Clinical Teacher, 12, 1–6.
Billett, S., Le, A. H., Choy, S., & Smith, R. (2021a). The kinds and character of changes adults negotiate across worklife transitions. International Journal of Lifelong Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2021.1989723
Billett, S., Leow, A., Chua, S., & Le, A. H. (2021b). Aligning the polytechnic provision of CET with SkillsFuture: Meeting learners and employers’ needs. SkilsFuture Singapore.
Billett, S., Leow, A., Chua, S., & Le, A. H. (2022). Changing attitudes about online continuing education and training: A Singapore case study. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/14779714221084346
Bwanga, O. (2020). Barriers to continuing professional development (CPD) in radiography: A review of literature from Africa. Health Professions Education, 6(4), 472–480.
Castells, M. (2000). The rise of the network society (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishers.
Cole, M., & Engestrom, Y. (1997). A cultural-historical approach to distributed cognition. In G. Salomon (Ed.), Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations. Cambridge University Press.
Dellas, H., & Sakellaris, P. (2003). On the cyclicality of schooling: Theory and evidence. Oxford Economic Papers, 55(1), 148–172.
Department of Statistics Singapore. (2020). Education, language spoken and literacy. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/education-language-spoken-and-literacy/latest-data
Department of Statistics Singapore. (2021a). Government expenditure on education. https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M850011
Department of Statistics Singapore. (2021b). Training places taken up under the skills training and continuing academic education programmes and persons who completed the programmes. https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M850571
Dikhtyar, O., Helsinger, A., Cummins, P., & Hicks, N. (2021). Adult education and the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic: An international perspective. Widening Participation and Lifelong Learning, 23(1), 201–210.
Eroglu, M., & Kaya, V. D. (2021). Professional development barriers of teachers: A qualitative research. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 13(2), 1896–1922.
Fiel, J. E. (2020). Great equalizer or great selector? Reconsidering education as a moderator of intergenerational transmissions. Sociology of Education, 93(4), 353–371.
Furze, G., & Pearcey, P. (1999). Continuing education in nursing: A review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(2), 355–363.
Goffman, E. (1990). The presentation of self in everyday life. Penguin Books.
Government of Singapore. (1979). Skills development levy act. https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/SDLA1979
Government of Singapore. (2001). Lifelong learning endownment act. https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/LLEFA2001
Harden, R. M., & Laidlaw, J. M. (2021). Essential skills for a medical teacher: An introduction to teaching and learning medicine (3rd ed.). Elsevier.
Hattie, J. (2003). Teachers make a difference: What is the research evidence? In ACER research conference. https://research.acer.edu.au/research_conference_2003/4/
Hoskins, K., & Barker, B. (2014). Education and social mobiliy: Dreams of success. Institute of Education Press.
Institute of Adult Learning. (2017a). Adult education professionalisation. https://www.ial.edu.sg/join-the-community/adult-educators--professionalisation-aep-scheme/benefits.html
Institute of Adult Learning. (2017b). Training and adult education professional competency model (TAEPCM). https://www.ial.edu.sg/find-resources/skills-career-development-advisory/training-adult-education-professional-taepcm.html
International Labour Organization. (2020). COVID-19 causes devastating losses in working hours and employment. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_740893/lang--en/index.htm
Kanamu, L. G., Van Dyk, B., Chipeya, L., & Kilaha, S. N. (2017). Barriers to continuous professional development participation for radiographers in Kenya. African Journal of Health Professions Education, 9(1), 17–20.
Leadbeater, C. (1999). Towards the knowledge society. New Statesman, 12(563), 25–27.
Leow, A., Billett, S., Le, A. H., & Chua, S. (2022). Graduates’ perspectives on effective continuing education and training: Participation, access and engagement. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2022.2044398
Lester, S. (1999). Professional bodies, CPD and informal learning: The case for conservation. Continuous Professional Development, 2(4), 110–121.
Lingard, B., Martino, W., Mills, M., & Bahr, M. (2002). Addressing the educational needs of boys: Strategies for schools and teachers. Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training, Australia.
Malle, B. F., Moses, L. J., & Baldwin, D. A. (2001). Introduction: The significance of intentionality. In B. F. Malle, L. J. Moses, & D. A. Baldwin (Eds.), Intentions and intentionality: Foundations of social cognition (pp. 1–26). The MIT Press.
Marriott, J. L., Duncan, G. J., & McNamara, K. P. (2007). Barriers to pharmacist participation in continuing education in Australia. Pharmacy Education, 7(1), 11–17.
Mizuno-Lewis, S., Kono, K., Lewis, D. R., Gotoh, Y., Hagi, N., Sato, M., Yoshikawa, E., Higashikawa, K., Yamazaki, M., Naito, M., & Ko, N. (2014). Barriers to continuing education and continuing professional development among occupational health nurses in Japan. Workplace Health & Safety, 62(5), 198–205.
Noon, M., Blyton, P., & Morrell, K. (2013). The realities of work: Experiencing work and employment in contemporary society. Palgrave Macmillan.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2006). Live longer, work longer.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2010). Learning for jobs.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). PIAAC public data and analysis. https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/publicdataandanalysis/
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). OECD employment outlook 2020: Worker security and the Covid-19 crisis.
Penz, K., D’Arcy, C., Stewart, N., Kosteniuk, J., Morgan, D., & Smith, B. (2007). Barriers to participation in continuing education activities among rural and remote nurses. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 38(2), 58–66.
Reay, D., Crozier, G., & Clayton, J. (2010). “Fitting in” or ‘standing out’: Working-class students in UK higher education. British Educational Research Journal, 36(1), 107–124.
Rogers, C. R. (1969). Freedom to learn. Charles E. Merrill Co.
Rogers, C. R. (2001). The interpersonal relationship in the facilitation of learning. Supporting Lifelong Learning, 1, 25.
Roscoe, J. (2002). Continuing professional development in higher education. Human Resource Development International, 5(1), 3–9.
Scribner, S. (1985). Vygostky’s use of history. In J. V. Wertsch (Ed.), Culture, communication and cognition: Vygotskian perspectives (pp. 119–145). Cambridge University Press.
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
Shulman, L. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4–14.
Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–22.
Singh, P. (2002). Pedagogising knowledge: Bernstein’s theory of the pedagogic device. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 23(4), 571–582.
SkillsFuture Singapore and Workforce Singapore. (2020). About SkillsFuture Singapore. https://www.ssg-wsg.gov.sg/about.html
Suzman, J. (2020). Work: A history of how we spend our time. Bloomsbury.
Tranquillo, J., & Stecker, M. (2016). Using intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in continuing professional education. Surgical Neurology International, 7, S197-199.
Zhang, S., Shi, Q., & Lin, E. (2020). Professional development needs, support, and barriers: TALIS US new and veteran teachers’ perspectives. Professional Development in Education, 46(3), 440–453.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Leow, A., Billett, S. (2022). Sustaining the Employability of Working-Age Adults: A Singapore Case Study. In: Ng, B. (eds) Graduate Employability and Workplace-Based Learning Development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5622-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5622-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-5621-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-5622-5
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)