Abstract
In this chapter, we provide an overview of RO membrane development in Japan. We first describe the activities of Tokyo Kōgyō Shikenjo (the Government Chemical Industrial Research Institute, Tokyo) and Zōsui Sokushin Center (the Water Reuse Promotion Center) in the public sector. For the private sector, we summarize the development efforts of three major companies: Toray, Toyobo, and Nitto Denko. We also clarify that a strong demand for ultrapure water production in the growing semiconductor industry enabled these companies to continue their development activities.
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Notes
- 1.
Nihon Keizai Shimbun (June 23, 1984, p. 6).
- 2.
Nikkei Sangyō Shimbun (July 10, 1982, p. 1).
- 3.
Nikkei Sangyō Shimbun (March 10, 1984, p. 9).
- 4.
- 5.
Chemical Daily (August 18, 1995, p. 1).
- 6.
- 7.
The number of patent applications filed by Japanese nationals under the F-term theme code 4D006G/A03 (separation/reverse osmosis using semipermeable membranes). An F-term is a classification code assigned by the JPO to various characteristics of each patent.
- 8.
Tokyo Kōgyō Shikenjo (The Government Chemical Industrial Research Institute, Tokyo) (1975).
- 9.
Kōgyō Gijutsuin (Agency of Industrial Science and Technology) (1969) pp. 68–70.
- 10.
If we include the “Study on the Total System of Desalination” conducted in 1977 according to Goto (1979), the implementation period is one year longer.
- 11.
The empirical results of the first period are detailed in Kunisada and Hirai (1978).
- 12.
From the authors’ interview with Mitsuyoshi Hirai at the WRPC, March 16, 2015.
References
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Fujiwara, M., Aoshima, Y. (2022). The Rise of Japanese Companies. In: Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation. Advances in Japanese Business and Economics, vol 31. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4896-1_6
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