Abstract
In this chapter, we analyze how development was launched in the United States and Japan by focusing on the role of “policy support”. We argue that in the United States, a large amount of public support was generated by the confluence of different policy intentions, which supported early development. In Japan, development was triggered as a follow-up action for US predecessors such as DuPont and Dow. There, it becomes clear that US government policy indirectly influenced Japanese companies through the actions of US public institutions and private companies.
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Notes
- 1.
According to the National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (2006), the number of dams constructed in the 1960s was 356 (based on the year of completion).
- 2.
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (2004), “Current Status of Water Resources in the World and in Japan” (http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001020285.pdf, accessed February 12, 2018).
- 3.
Guan and Chen (2012) analyzed the efficiency of each national innovation system in 22 OECD countries by dividing it into the upstream knowledge creation stage and the downstream commercialization stage. They pointed out that there was no clear relationship between the efficiency of the knowledge creation stage and the commercialization stage, and that the overall innovation efficiency depended mainly on the commercialization process.
- 4.
Based on the authors’ interview with Masaru Kurihara on February 6, 2018 in Shiga.
- 5.
Tokyo Kōgyō Shikenjo (1960) pp. 75–86.
- 6.
Ishizaka (2009) p. 25.
- 7.
Kōgyō Gijutsuin (1962), p. 37; The text in parentheses was added by the authors.
- 8.
Kitanihon Shimbun (2010) pp.233–234.
- 9.
Ishizaka (2009) pp. 25–26.
- 10.
The Japanese academia was also linked to this trend. In 1947, when the AIST started a research project to establish an efficient salt manufacturing method, the Salt Technology Research Group was established. In 1950, it evolved from a research group into the Society of Salt Science, Japan. In 1965, the society was renamed the Society of Sea Water Science, Japan.
- 11.
Kensetsu Shō, Kasen Kyoku (Ministry of Construction, River Bureau) (1968).
- 12.
Ishizaka (2009) p. 20.
- 13.
The population of the patent data analyzed is all 9,296 RO patents (1971-August 2017) obtained in Japan by any applicant. All published patents with F-term 4D006GA03 (including lower layer) were extracted from the patent database UltraPatent on August 24, 2017. Ultrafiltration membranes (GA06) and microfiltration membranes (GA07) were excluded from the analysis.
- 14.
Sato and Kamisawa (2016) p. 48.
- 15.
Senoo and Kimura (1983), p. 97.
- 16.
Senoo and Kimura (1983), p. 98.
- 17.
From the authors’ interview with Haruhiko Ohya on October 15, 2014 at Takadanobaba. The text in parentheses was added by the authors.
- 18.
Since the commissioned amounts in the Saline Water Conversion Report are only available for 1965, the 1964 information is presented based on Legislative History (Vol. 5, No. 2).
- 19.
From the authors’ interview with Robert (Bob) Riley at Separation Systems Technology, Inc. at Morena Boulevard on March 5, 2015.
- 20.
From the authors’ interview with Richard Baker on March 3, 2015 at Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. in Newark.
- 21.
From the authors’ interview with Haruhiko Ohya on October 15, 2014 at Takadanobaba. The text in parentheses was added by the authors.
- 22.
Based on Lonsdale et al. (1988). NASA contract numbers are, respectively: NAS 9-17306 and NAS 9-17523.
- 23.
From the authors’ interview with Haruhiko Ohya at Takadanobaba on October 15, 2014. The text in parentheses was added by the authors.
- 24.
Use of Nuclear Power for the Production of Fresh Water from Salt Water: Hearing Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States, Eighty-eighth Congress, Second Session. August 18, 1964.
- 25.
Urrows (1966) p. 13.
- 26.
This plan was not completed as originally envisioned.
- 27.
The reduction was less than this because $6.42 million carried over from 1967 was added to the 1968 budget.
- 28.
Note that the administration ended on January 20, 1969, so it did not exercise direct influence for the entire year.
- 29.
There is no evidence that the Japanese companies considered elaborate scenarios for building competitive advantage at the time of entry. The development efforts by Japanese firms seem to have been dominated by the logic of reference group neglect (Camerer & Lavallo, 1999; Moore & Cain, 2007), which is used to explain over- or under-entry behavior in the market (Moore & Cain, 2007).
- 30.
Matsuda (1970).
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Fujiwara, M., Aoshima, Y. (2022). Policy Support and Spillover Effects: Initiation of Development in the United States and Japan. In: Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation. Advances in Japanese Business and Economics, vol 31. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4896-1_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4896-1_10
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