In 1906, Becquerel observed a particularly sharp spectral line from an ore containing rare earth and transition-metal elements. At that time, rare earths were merely regarded as impurities in minerals, and received scant attention from scientists. After Bohr’s atomic theory in 1913, quantum mechanics in 1926, Bethe crystal field theory in 1929, and the subsequent atomic spectrum theory, scientists finally confirmed that the aforementioned sharp spectral line was due to a transition in the 4f shell of a rare earth ion.
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Wang, C. (2023). Rare Earth Luminescent Materials and Laser Materials. In: Theory and Application of Rare Earth Materials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4178-8_16
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