Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ecological Significance of Throughfall and Stemflow to the Carbon Cycle in Forest Ecosystems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
River Basin Environment: Evaluation, Management and Conservation

  • 271 Accesses

Abstract

Rainfall enriches the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) after passing through the tree canopy. DOC is exported down stems as stemflow and through leaves, branches, and gaps as throughfall. In this paper, we synthesized the trends and factors that affect the DOC concentrations and fluxes of throughfall and stemflow in a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest (TDF) and a warm-temperate/subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (SEF), and reviewed the literature for various forests in different climatic zones around the world. The DOC concentrations were higher in stemflow (6–332 mg C L−1) than in throughfall (5–29 mg C L−1). The throughfall and stemflow DOC fluxes reported from natural forests in different climate zones range from 1.9 to 48 and 0.01 to 8 g C m−2 year−1, respectively. The controls on throughfall and stemflow DOC concentrations are diverse, including rainfall characteristics, tree morphology, canopy phenology, and preceding atmospheric deposition. DOC fluxes in the forest carbon cycle act as a pathway, with water being essential to the carbon input of mineral soil. Studies of the fate of DOC in forest ecosystems may provide direct verification of soil C sequestration. Additional research is required to understand the significance of stemflow and throughfall DOC to forest C cycling.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bulter TJ, Likens GE (1995) A direct comparison of throughfall plus stemflow to estimates of dry and total deposition for sulfur and nitrogen. Atmos Environ 29:1253–1265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao R, Chen S, Yoshitake S, Ohtsuka T (2020) Organic and inorganic nitrogen deposition in an urban evergreen broad-leaved forest in central Japan. Atmos Pollut Res 12:488–496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang SC, Matzner E (2000) The effect of beech stemflow on spatial patterns of soil solution chemistry and seepage fluxes in a mixed beech/oak stand. Hydrol Process 14:135–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S (2019) Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in litter leachate in contrasting two forest ecosystems. Doctoral thesis, Gifu University

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Komiyama A, Kato S, Cao R, Yoshitake S, Ohtsuka T (2017a) Stand dynamics and biomass increment in a lucidophyllous forest over a 28-year period in central Japan. Forests 8(10):397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Yoshitake S, Iimura Y, Asai C, Ohtsuka T (2017b) Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) input to the soil: DOC fluxes and their partitions during the growing season in a cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest, central Japan. Ecol Res 32(5):713–724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Cao R, Yoshitake S, Ohtsuka T (2019) Stemflow hydrology and DOM flux in relation to tree size and rainfall event characteristics. Agric For Meteorol 279:107753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ciglasch H, Lilienfein J, Kaiser K, Wilcke W (2004) Dissolved organic matter under native Cerrado and Pinus caribaea plantations in the Brazilian savanna. Biogeochemistry 67:157–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark DA, Brown S, Kicklighter W, Chambers JQ, Thomlinson JR, Ni J (2001) Measuring net primary production in forests: concepts and field methods. Ecol Appl 11:356–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comiskey CE (1978) Aspects of the organic carbon cycle on Walker branch watershed: a study in land/water interaction, p 509. Doctoral dissertation. University of Tennessee

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotrufo MF, Soong JL, Horton AJ, Campbell EE, Haddix M, Wall DH, Parton J (2015) Formation of soil organic matter via biochemical and physical pathways of litter mass loss. Nat Geosci 8:776–779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crockford R, Richardson DJH (2000) Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall, stemflow and interception: effect of forest type, ground cover and climate. Hydrol Process 14(16–17):2903–2920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Currie WS, Aber JD, McDowell WH, Boone RD, Magill AH (1996) Vertical transport of dissolved organic C and N under long-term N amendments in pine and hardwood forests. Biogeochemistry 35:471–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalva T (1991) Sources and sinks of dissolved organic carbon in a forested swamp catchment. Biogeochemistry 15:1–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford ED, Deans JD (1978) The effects of canopy structure on stemflow, throughfall and interception loss in a young Sitka spruce plantation. J Appl Ecol 15:905–917

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frangi JL, Lugo AE (1985) Ecosystem dynamics of a subtropical floodplain forest. Ecol Monogr 55:351–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank H, Patrick S, Peter W, Hannes F (2000) Export of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from Gleysol dominated catchments – the significance of water flow paths[J]. Biogeochemistry 50(2):137–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii K, Uemura M, Hayakawa C, Funakawa S, Sukartiningsih KT, Ohta S (2009) Fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in two tropical forest ecosystems of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Geoderma 152:127–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto K (1997) Studies of elements originated from sea salt in stemflow and throughfall. Bull Kochi Univ Forest 24:147–185. (in Japanese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Germer S, Neill C, Krusche AV, Neto SCG, Elsenbeer H (2007) Seasonal and within-event dynamics of rainfall and throughfall chemistry in an open tropical rainforest in Rondonia, Brazil. Biogeochemistry 86:155–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goller R, Wilcke W, Fleischbein K, Valarezo C, Zech W (2006) Dissolved nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur forms in the ecosystem fluxes of a montane forest in Ecuador. Biogeochemistry 77:57–89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • González-Martínez TM, Williams-Linera G, Holwerda F (2016) Understory and small trees contribute importantly to stemflow of a lower montane cloud forest. Hydrol Process 31:1174–1183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guggenberger G, Zech W (1994) Dissolved organic carbon in forest floor leachates: simple degradation products or humic substances. Sci Total Environ 152:37–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo JF, Yang YS, Chen GS, Lin P (2005) Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow from Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolate plantations in subtropical China. J For Res 16:19–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heartsill-Scalley T, Scatena FN, Estrada C, McDowell WH, Lugo AE (2007) Disturbance and long-term patterns of rainfall and throughfall nutrient fluxes in a subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico. J Hydrol 333:472–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helvey JD, Patric JH (1965) Canopy and litter interception of rainfall by hardwoods of the eastern United States. Water Resour Res 1:193–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofhansl F, Wanek W, Drage S, Huber W, Weissenhofer A, Richter A (2012) Controls of hydrochemical fluxes via stemflow in tropical lowland rainforests: effects of meteorology and vegetation characteristics. J Hydrol 452-453:247–258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hope D, Billett MF, Cresser MS (1994) A review of the export of carbon in river water: fluxes and processes. Environ Pollut 84:301–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikawa R (2007) Literature review of stemflow generation and chemical characteristics in Japanese forests. J Jpn Assoc Hydrol Sci 37:187–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Inagaki M, Saikai M, Ohnuki Y (1995) The effects of organic carbon on acid rain in a temperate forest in Japan. Water Air Soil Pollut 85:2345–2350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iroume A, Huber A (2002) Comparison of interception losses in a broadleaved native forest and a Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) plantation in the Andes Mountains of southern Chile. Hydrol Process 16:2347–2361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MS, Lehmann J (2006) Double-funneling of trees: stemflow and root-induced preferential flow. Ecoscience 13:324–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawahigashi M, Kaiser K, Rodionov A, Guggenberger G (2006) Sorption of dissolved organic matter by mineral soils of the Siberian forest tundra. Glob Chang Biol 12:1868–1877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kindler R, Siemens JAN, Kaiser K, Walmsley DC, Bernhofer C, Buchmann N, Cellier P, Eugster W, Gleixner G, GrŨNwald T, Heim A, Ibrom A, Jones SK, Jones M, Klumpp K, Kutsch W, Larsen KS, Lehuger S, Loubet B, McKenzie R, Moors E, Osborne B, Pilegaard KIM, Rebmann C, Saunders M, Schmidt MWI, Schrumpf M, Seyfferth J, Skiba UTE, Soussana JF, Sutton MA, Tefs C, Vowinckel B, Zeeman MJ, Kaupenjohann M (2011) Dissolved carbon leaching from soil is a crucial component of the net ecosystem carbon balance. Glob Chang Biol 17(2):1167–1185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolka RK, Nater E, Grigal DF, Verry ES (1999) Atmospheric inputs of mercury and organic carbon into a forested upland/bog watershed. Water Air Soil Pollut 113:273–294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolka R, Weishampel P, Fröberg M (2008) Measurement and importance of dissolved organic carbon. In: Hoover CM (ed) Field measurements for Forest carbon monitoring. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Koprivnjak JF, Moore TR (1992) Sources, sinks, and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in subarctic fen catchments. Arct Alp Res 24:204–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laclau JP, Ranger J, Bouillet JP, de Dieu NJ, Deleporte P (2003) Nutrient cycling in a clonal stand of eucalyptus and an adjacent savanna ecosystem in Congo 1. Chemical composition of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow solutions. For Ecol Manag 176:105–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levia DF, Frost EE (2003) A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems. J Hydrol 274(1):1–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levia DF, Herwitz SR (2002) Winter chemical leaching from deciduous tree branches as a function of branch inclination angle in central Massachusetts. Hydrol Process 16:2867–2879

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levia DF, Underwood SJ (2004) Snowmelt induced stemflow in northern hardwood forests: a theoretical explanation on the causation of a neglected hydrological process. Adv Water Resour 27(2):121–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levia DF, Van Stan JT, Mage SM, Kelley-Hauske PW (2010) Temporal variability of stemflow volume in a beech-yellow poplar forest in relation to tree species and size. J Hydrol 380(1–2, 112):–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Levia DF, Van Stan JT, Inamdar SP, Jarvis MT, Mitchell MJ, Mage SM, Scheick CE, McHale PJ (2012) Stemflow and dissolved organic carbon cycling: temporal variability in concentration, flux, and UV-Vis spectral metrics in a temperate broadleaved deciduous forest in the eastern United States. Can J For Res 42:207–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu CP, Sheu BH (2003) Dissolved organic carbon in precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, soil solution, and stream water at the Guandaushi subtropical forest in Taiwan. For Ecol Manag 172:315–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd CR (1988) Spatial variability of throughfall and stemflow measurements in Amazonian rainforest. Agric Forest Meterol 42:63–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell WH (1998) Internal nutrient fluxes in a Puerto Rican rain forest. J Trop Ecol 14:521–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell WH, Likens GE (1988) Origin, composition, and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the Hubbard Brook Valley. Ecol Monogr 58:177–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michalzik B, Matzner E (1999) Dynamics of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon in a Central European Norway spruce ecosystem. Eur J Soil Sci 50(4):579–590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michalzik B, Kalbitz K, Park JH, Solinger S, Matzner E (2001) Fluxes and concentrations of dissolved organic matter – a synthesis for temperate forests. Biogeochemistry 52:173–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moller A, Kaiser K, Guggenberger G (2005) Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in precipitation, throughfall, soil solution, and stream water of the tropical highlands in northern Thailand. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 168:649–659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore TR (1987) An assessment of a simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of dissolved organic carbon in freshwaters. New Zealand J Mar Freshw Res 21:585–589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore TR (2003) Dissolved organic carbon in a northern boreal landscape. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17:1109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore TR, Jackson RJ (1989) Dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in forested and disturbed catchments, Westland, New Zealand 2. Larry River. Water Resour Res 25:1331–1339. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i006p01331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno G, Gallardo JF, Bussotti F (2001) Canopy modification of atmospheric deposition in oligotrophic Quercus pyrenaica forests of an unpolluted region (central-western Spain). For Ecol Manag 149:47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00544-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nitta I, Ohsawa M (1997) Leaf dynamics and shoot phenology of eleven warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved trees near their northern limit in central Japan. Plant Ecol 130(1):71–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka T (2012) Carbon cycling at Takayama Forest: results from intensive studies in the last decade, and further studies for a next decade. Jpn J Ecol 62:31–44. (in Japanese with English summary)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka T, Akiyama T, Hashimoto Y, Inatomi M, Sakai T, Jia S, Mo W, Tsuda S, Koizumi H (2005) Biometric-based estimates of net primary production (NPP) in a cool-temperate deciduous forest stand beneath a flux tower. Agric For Meteorol 134:27–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka T, Saigusa N, Koizumi H (2009) On linking multiyear biometric measurements of tree growth with eddy covariance-based net ecosystem production. Glob Change Biol 15:1015–1024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka T, Shizu Y, Nishiwaki A, Yashiro Y, Koizumi H (2010) Carbon cycling and net ecosystem production at an early stage of secondary succession in an abandoned coppice forest. J Plant Res 123:393–401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka T, Negishi M, Sugita K, Iimura Y, Hirota M (2013) Carbon cycling and sequestration in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest on lava flow of Mt. Fuji. Ecol Res 28(5):855–867

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka T, Saigusa N, Iimura Y, Muraoka H, Koizumi H (2016) Biometric-based estimations of net primary production (NPP) in forest ecosystems. In: Hikosaka K, Niinemets Ü, Anten N (eds) Canopy photosynthesis: from basics to applications volume 42 of the series advances in photosynthesis and respiration. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 333–351

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka T, Onishi T, Yoshitake S, Tomotsune M, Kida M, Iimura Y, Kondo M, Suchewaboripont V, Cao R, Kinjo K, Fujitake N (2020) Lateral export of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon from a small mangrove estuary with tidal fluctuation. Forests 11:1041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park HT, Hattori S (2002) Applicability of stand structural characteristics to stemflow modelling. J For Res 7:91–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perakis SS, Hedin LO (2002) Nitrogen loss from unpolluted south American forests mainly via dissolved organic compounds. Nature 415:416–419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price AG, Carlyle-Moses DE (2003) Measurement and modelling of growing-season canopy water fluxes in a mature mixed deciduous forest stand, southern Ontario, Canada. Agric Forest Meteorol 119:69–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qualls RG, Haines BL, Swank WT (1991) Fluxes of dissolved organic nutrients and humic substances in a deciduous forest. Ecology 72:254–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saigusa N, Yamamoto S, Murayama S, Kondo H, Nishimura N (2002) Gross primary production and net ecosystem production of a cool-temperate deciduous forest estimated by the eddy covariance method. Agric For Meteorol 112:203–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saitoh TM, Nagai S, Noda HM, Muraoka H, Nasahara KN (2012) Examination of the extinction coefficient in the Beer-Lambert law for an accurate estimation of the forest canopy leaf area index. For Sci Technol 8:67–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer SC, Alber M (2007) Temperature controls a latitudinal gradient in the proportion of watershed nitrogen exported to coastal ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 85:333–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schimel DS (1995) Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle. Glob Chang Biol 1:77–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schrumpf M, Zech W, Lehmann J, Lyaruu HVC (2006) TOC, TON, TOS and TOP in rainfall, throughfall, litter percolate and soil solution of a montane rainforest succession at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Biogeochemistry 78:361–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegert CM, Levia DF (2014) Seasonal and meteorological effects on differential stemflow funneling ratios for two deciduous tree species. J Hydrol 519:446–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solinger S, Kalbitz K, Matzner E (2001) Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in a Central European deciduous forest. Biogeochemistry 55:327–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staelens J, De Schrijver A, Verheyen K (2007) Seasonal variation in throughfall and stemflow chemistry beneath a European beech (Fagus sylvatica) tree in relation to canopy phenology. Can J For Res 37(8):1359–1372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesón N, Conzonno VH, Arturi M, Frangi JL (2014) Dissolved organic carbon in water fuxes of Eucalyptus grandis plantations in northeastern Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. Bosque 35:279–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobon C, Sevink J, Verstraten JM (2004) Solute fluxes in throughfall and stemflow in four forest ecosystems in northwest Amazonia. Biogeochemistry 70:1–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turgeon JML, Courchesne F (2008) Hydrochemical behavior of dissolved nitrogen and carbon in a headwater stream of the Canadian shield: relevance of antecedent soil moisture conditions. Hydrol Process 22:327–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Stan JT, Gordon DA (2018) Mini-review: stemflow as a resource limitation to near-stem soils. Front Plant Sci 9:248. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00248

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Van Stan JT, Stubbins A (2018) Tree-DOM: dissolved organic matter in throughfall and stemflow. Limnol Oceanogr Lett 3(3):199–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wanek W, Hofmann J, Feller IC (2007) Canopy interactions of rainfall in an offshore mangrove ecosystem dominated by Rhizophora mangle (Belize). J Hydrol 345:70–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang MC, Liu CP, Sheu BH (2004) Characterization of organic matter in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and stream water from three subtropical forest ecosystems. J Hydrol 289:275–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watmough SA, Eimers MC, Aherne J, Dillon PJ (2004) Climate effects on stream nitrate concentrations at 16 forested catchments in south central Ontario. Environ Sci Technol 38:2383–2388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb JR, Santos IR, Maher DT, Kerri F (2019) The importance of aquatic carbon fluxes in net ecosystem carbon budgets: a catchment-scale review. Ecosystems 22:508–527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Wang Q, Hirata E (2005) Precipitation partitioning and related nutrient fluxes in a subtropical forest in Okinawa, Japan. Ann For Sci 62:245–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto S, Murayama S, Saigusa N, Kondo H (1999) Seasonal and inter-annual variation of CO2 flux between a temperate forest and the atmosphere in Japan. Tellus 51B:402–413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan J, Li K, Wang W, Zhang D, Zhou G (2015) Changes in dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen fluxes across subtropical forest ecosystems at different successional stages. Water Resour Res 51:3681–3694

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the Gifu forest administration for giving us access to the Mt. Kinka site and Takayama Field Station for supporting the field surveys. We are grateful to the supports for field surveys from the members of Ohtsuka Lab. We thank Prof. Fusheng Li, River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, for providing TOC analyzer and suggestions of DOC method. We would like to thank Enago for the English language review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental and Life Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China

    Siyu Chen

  2. River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan

    Ruoming Cao & Toshiyuki Ohtsuka

  3. School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi‘an, China

    Ruoming Cao

  4. Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

    Shinpei Yoshitake

  5. School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan

    Yasuo Iimura

Authors
  1. Siyu Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ruoming Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shinpei Yoshitake
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yasuo Iimura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Toshiyuki Ohtsuka .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan

    Fusheng Li

  2. River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan

    Yoshio Awaya

  3. River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan

    Koji Kageyama

  4. River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan

    Yongfen Wei

Appendix Tables

Appendix Tables

Table 2.3 Annual volume-weighted mean concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF) in various forest ecosystems across climate zones
Full size table
Table 2.4 Annual mean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes of throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF) in various forest ecosystems across climate zones
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Chen, S., Cao, R., Yoshitake, S., Iimura, Y., Ohtsuka, T. (2022). Ecological Significance of Throughfall and Stemflow to the Carbon Cycle in Forest Ecosystems. In: Li, F., Awaya, Y., Kageyama, K., Wei, Y. (eds) River Basin Environment: Evaluation, Management and Conservation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4070-5_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation