Introduction

Abstract

The solar cell based on Si-wafer is referred to as a first-generation solar cell, whereas solar cells based on thin films are referred to as second-generation solar cells. The basic objective of thin-film technology was to reduce the cost of solar cell modules and the cost of solar cells obtained from Si wafers. The thin-film solar cell technology has been radical advancement for the CISe and CdTe-based materials with an efficiency having more than 20% on a lab scale. Even kesterite-based and other new materials have shown promising results. The recent development in the perovskite solar cells has significantly increased the potential for thin-film technology. The deposition parameters strongly affect the structural, chemical, metallurgical properties. The maximum thicknesses of the films are up to several 10s of a micrometer.