Skip to main content

Current State of the Art in Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair with Primary Nasal Overcorrection: Lo’s Modified Noordhoff’s Procedure

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Current Concept in Cleft Surgery

Abstract

The primary reconstruction of a unilateral cleft lip deformity has undergone a substantial evolution in the past decades. The goals are universally accepted when repairing a unilateral cleft lip. However, the assiduous debate and myriad of peer-reviewed articles regarding the types of surgical techniques adopted to reconstruct a unilateral cleft lip guarantee that there is no singular optimum approach to correcting the full spectrum of nasolabial deformity. Surgeons pursuing the delivery of high-level surgical cleft care should recognize the anatomical nuances of each type of cleft lip deformity to select the most appropriate surgical technique accordingly. This chapter describes the Lo’s modified Noordhoff’s procedure, a muscle-driven technique, for the reconstruction of unilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity, underlining the technical evolution pursuing a symmetric appearance of the nasolabial region with no need for revision during the growing age until the establishment of current state of the art in unilateral cleft lip repair with primary nasal overcorrection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbott MM, Meara JG. Nasoalveolar molding in cleft care: is it efficacious? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(3):659–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdulrauf BMI. The nasal cantilever technique in children undergoing primary cleft lip surgery: novel concepts and review. Innov Surg Sci. 2020a;5(1–2):53–62. https://doi.org/10.1515/iss-2020-0016.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Abdulrauf BMI. The nasal lift technique in primary cleft lip surgery. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2020b;16:1055665620964708. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665620964708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abulezz TA, Elsherbiny AK, Mazeed AS. Management of cleft lip and palate in Egypt: a national survey. Indian J Plast Surg. 2018;51(3):290–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijps.IJPS_104_18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Adenwalla HS, Narayanan PV. Primary unilateral cleft lip repair. Indian J Plast Surg. 2009;42(Suppl):S62–70. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.57189.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ahuja RB. Primary rhinoplasty in unilateral cleft patients: the "limited open" approach and other technical considerations. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2006;43(4):492–8. https://doi.org/10.1597/05-071.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akinmoladun V, Ademola S, Olusanya A. Management of cleft lip and palate in Nigeria: a survey. Niger J Clin Pract. 2017;20(11):1355–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_314_16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akita S, Hirano A. Surgical modifications for microform cleft lip repairs. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:1106–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alfonso AR, Ramly EP, Kantar RS, Wang MM, Eisemann BS, Staffenberg DA, Shetye PR, Flores RL. What is the burden of care of nasoalveolar molding? Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2020;5:1055665620929224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665620929224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alperovich M, Frey JD, Shetye PR, Grayson BH, Vyas RM. Breast milk feeding rates in patients with cleft lip and palate at a north American craniofacial center. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2017;54(3):334–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderl H, Hussl H, Ninkovic M. Primary simultaneous lip and nose repair in the unilateral cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:959–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonarakis GS, Fisher DM. Presurgical unilateral cleft lip anthropometrics and the presence of dental anomalies. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2015;52(4):395–404. https://doi.org/10.1597/13-145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baek RM, Lee SW. Important aspects of oral lining in unilateral cleft lip repair. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:1578–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baek RM, Choi JH, Kim BK. Practical repair method for unilateral cleft lips: straight-line advanced release technique. Ann Plast Surg. 2016;76:399–405.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banari AS, Datana S, Agarwal SS, Bhandari SK. Evaluation of nasal patency among patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: cleft versus non-cleft side. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2021;58(3):340–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665620948719.

  • Bardach J. Primary unilateral cleft lip nose repair. Bardach’s technique. In: Bardach J, Salyer K, editors. Atlas of craniofacial and cleft surgery. Vol. 2. Cleft lip and palate surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1999. p. 434–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardach J, Salyer K. Unilateral cleft lip repair. In: Bardach J, Salyer K, editors. Surgical techniques in cleft lip and palate. Chicago: Year Book Medical; 1987. p. 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barillas I, Dec W, Warren SM, Cutting CB, Grayson BH. Nasoalveolar molding improves long-term nasal symmetry in complete unilateral cleft lip-cleft palate patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123(3):1002–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318199f46e.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beidas OE, Thompson DM, El Amm CA. Anthropometric effect of mucoperiosteal nostril floor reconstruction in complete cleft lip. J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27(1):19–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000002169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennun RD, Perandones C, Sepliarsky VA, Chantiri SN, Aguirre MI, Dogliotti PL. Nonsurgical correction of nasal deformity in unilateral complete cleft lip: a 6-year follow-up. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(3):616–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz S, Mejia M, Bystrik A. A comparison of the effects of the Latham-Millard procedure with those of a conservative treatment approach for dental occlusion and facial aesthetics in unilateral and bilateral complete cleft lip and palate: part I. Dental occlusion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113(1):1–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein L. Modified operation for wide unilateral cleft lips. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;91:11–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair VP. Nasal deformities associated with congenital cleft of the lip. JAMA. 1925;84:185–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blair VP, Brown JB. Mirault operation for single hair lip. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1930;51:81–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blume CP, Henson TB. An access to care study for the pre-surgical nasoalveolar molding and other treatments for cleft lip and palate. Tex Dent J. 2011;128(7):639–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bo C, Ningbei Y. Reconstruction of upper lip muscle system by anatomy, magnetic resonance imaging, and serial histological sections. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25:48–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanthaya K, Rao DD, Shetty P, Uguru C. Correlation of vermilion symmetry to alveolar cleft defect in unilateral cleft lip repair. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;45(6):688–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.11.019.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boo-Chai K. Primary repair of the unilateral cleft lip nose in the oriental: a 20-year follow-up. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987;80(2):185–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boorer CJ, Cho DC, Vijayasekaran VS, Fisher DM. Presurgical unilateral cleft lip anthropometrics: implications for the choice of repair technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127(2):774–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318200aa2e.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brauer RO, Cronin TD. The Tennison lip repair revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983 May;71(5):633–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broder HL, Flores RL, Clouston S, Kirschner RE, Garfinkle JS, Sischo L, Phillips C. Surgeon’s and caregivers’ appraisals of primary cleft lip treatment with and without nasoalveolar molding: a prospective multicenter pilot study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(3):938–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JB, McDowell F. Simplified design for repair of single cleft lips. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1945;80:12–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brusse CA, Van der Werff JF, Stevens HP, Vermeij-Keers C, Prahl- Andersen B, Van der Meulen JC, Vaandrager JM. Symmetry and morbidity assessment of unilateral complete cleft lip nose corrected with or without primary nasal correction. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1999;36(4):361–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt JD, Byrd HS. Cleft lip: unilateral primary deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:1043.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrd HS, Salomon J. Primary correction of the unilateral cleft nasal deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106:1276–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso A, Duarte A. New technique for harelip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1952;10:92–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castilla EE, Martinez-Frias ML. Congenital healed cleft lip. Am J Med Genet. 1995;58:106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang CS, Por YC, Liou EJ, Chang CJ, Chen PK, Noordhoff MS. Long-term comparison of four techniques for obtaining nasal symmetry in unilateral complete cleft lip patients: a single surgeon’s experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(4):1276–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang SY, Lonic D, Pai BC, Lo LJ. Primary repair in patients with unilateral complete cleft of lip and primary palate: assessment of outcomes. Ann Plast Surg. 2018;80(2S Suppl 1):S2–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang FC, Wallace CG, Hsiao YC, Huang JJ, Liu CS, Chen ZC, Chen PK, Chen JP, Chen YR. Long-term comparison study of philtral ridge morphology with two different techniques of philtral reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;49(10):1254–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen PK, Yeow VK, Noordhoff MS, Chen YR. Augmentation of the nasal floor with Surgicel in primary lip repair: a prospective study showing no efficacy. Ann Plast Surg. 1999;42(2):149–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho BC. New technique for correction of the microform cleft lip using vertical interdigitation of the orbicularis oris muscle through the intraoral incision. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(5):1032–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho BC. Refined new technique for correction of the minor-form, microform cleft lip and minor-form bilateral cleft lip through the intraoral incision and long-term results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127:781–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho BC, Kim YH, Tian L, Lee JS, Lee JW, Choi KY, Yang JD, Chung HY. Long-term outcomes of the minimal skin incision technique for correcting severe microform and minor-form cleft lip with philtrum reconstruction through the intraoral incision. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(1):79–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000005963.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chong DK, Swanson JW. The essential anatomical subunit approximation unilateral cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138:91e–4e.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chou PY, Luo CC, Chen PK, Chen YR, Samuel Noordhoff M, Lo LJ. Preoperative lip measurement in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip/palate and its comparison with norms. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013;66(4):513–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2012.12.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chou PY, Hallac RR, Ajiwe T, Xie XJ, Liao YF, Kane AA, Park YJ. The role of nasoalveolar molding: a 3D prospective analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:9901.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Christofides E, Potgieter A, Chait L. A long term subjective and objective assessment of the scar in unilateral cleft lip repairs using the Millard technique without revisional surgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;59:380–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung KH, Lo LJ. One-stage versus two-stage repair of asymmetric bilateral cleft lip: a 20-year retrospective study of clinical outcome. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018 May;141(5):1215–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung KH, Lo LJ. Strategic management of the minor-form and microform cleft lip: a long-term outcome assessment. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021;74(4):828–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.10.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cline JM, Oyer SL, Javidnia H, Nguyen SA, Sykes JM, Kline RM, Patel KG. Comparison of the rotation-advancement and philtral ridge techniques for unilateral cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134(6):1269–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000000723.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cosman B, Crickelair GF. The minimal cleft lip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1966;37:334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin TD. A modification of the Tennison-type lip repair. Cleft Palate J. 1966;3:376–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin ED, Rafols FJ, Shayani P, Al-Haj I. Primary cleft nasal repair: the composite V-Y flap with extended mucosal tab. Ann Plast Surg. 2004;53(2):102–8. Discussion 109–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutting C. Discussion. Fourth-dimensional changes in nasolabial dimensions following rotation-advancement repair of unilateral cleft lip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129(2):499–501. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31823ae82f.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutting CB, Dayan JH. Lip height and lip width after extended Mohler unilateral cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:17–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutting CB, Bardach J, Pang R. A comparative study of the skin envelope of the unilateral cleft lip nose subsequent to rotation-advancement and triangular flap lip repairs. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;84(3):409–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dado DV. Analysis of the lengthening effect of the muscle repair in functional cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;82:594–601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dado DV, Kernahan DA. Anatomy of the orbicularis oris muscle in incomplete unilateral cleft lip based on histological examination. Ann Plast Surg. 1985;15(2):90–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies D. The one-stage repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate: a preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1966;38:129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies AJ, Mercer NS. Unilateral cleft lip repair: a ‘cut as you go’ approach to the anatomical subunit approximation technique. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2019;72:1219–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre J, Gallagher PM, Douglas BK, et al. Repairing the cleft lip nasal deformity. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2000;37:234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Mey A, Van Hoof I, De Roy G, Lejour M. Anatomy of the orbicularis oris muscle in cleft lip. Br J Plast Surg. 1989;42:710–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delaire J, Precious DS, Gordeef A. The advantage of wide subperiosteal exposure in primary surgical correction of labial maxillary clefts. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;22:147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demke JC, Tatum SA. Analysis and evolution of rotation principles in unilateral cleft lip repair. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011;64(3):313–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2010.03.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. In memory of Dr. M. Samuel Noordhoff: leadership, vision, and contributions in pursuing excellence in plastic surgery and cleft-craniofacial care. Indian J Plast Surg. 2019;52(2):148–52. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697237.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. Building a virtuous cycle of surgical cleft-craniofacial care by combining surgeon centered outcome and patient reported outcome measures. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020a;73(6):1174–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.02.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. Patient-reported outcome measures as driving elements toward value-based patient-centered care for cleft-craniofacial conditions: a call for multidisciplinary-based action. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020b;119(12):1728–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. Teleconsultation-mediated nasoalveolar molding therapy for babies with cleft lip/palate during the COVID-19 outbreak: implementing change at pandemic speed. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020c;73(7):1357–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. Toward reducing the surgical burden of care: modern longitudinal life-changing concept in cleft care. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020d;119(6):1013–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.10.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. Craniofacial surgeons in different settings facing the COVID-19 pandemic. J Craniofac Surg. 2020e;31(6):e642–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000006722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. Implementing patient-reported outcome measures in routine cleft-craniofacial practice. J Craniofac Surg. 2021a;32(1):366–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000007015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. Valuing patient-reported outcome measures as an intrinsically important aspect of quality improvement agenda in surgical cleft-craniofacial care. J Craniofac Surg. 2021b; https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000007923.

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. Adapting Donabedian’s structure-process-outcome triad for quality improvement activities in surgical cleft-craniofacial care. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021c;74(1):223–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.073.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. Reply: modified unilateral incomplete cleft lip repair with primary nasal overcorrection: a muscle-driven technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022a;149(2):342e–3e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000008755.

  • Denadai R, Lo LJ. Split buccal fat flap in modified furlow palatoplasty: surgical technique and early result. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022b;149(1):197–201. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000008648.

  • Denadai R, Chou PY, Su YY, Lo CC, Lin HH, Ho CT, Lo LJ. Facial appearance and psychosocial features in orthognathic surgery: a FACE-Q- and 3D facial image-based comparative study of patient-, clinician-, and lay-observer-reported outcomes. J Clin Med. 2019;8(6):909. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060909.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Chou PY, Jung S, Sato N, Pascasio DCG, Lo LJ. A surgical and educational video of the inferior turbinate mucosal flap for the nasal floor and intraoral reconstruction in unilateral complete cleft lip repair. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2020a;57(8):1045–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665620910046.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Chou PY, Seo HJ, Lonic D, Lin HH, Pai BCJ, Lo LJ. Patient- and 3D morphometry-based nose outcomes after skeletofacial reconstruction. Sci Rep. 2020b;10(1):4246. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61233-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Chou PY, Su YY, Lin HH, Ho CT, Lo LJ. The impacts of orthognathic surgery on the facial appearance and age perception of patients presenting skeletal class III deformity: an outcome study using the FACE-Q report and surgical professional-based panel assessment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020c;145(4):1035–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006650.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Seo HJ, Lo LJ. Persistent symptomatic anterior oronasal fistulae in patients with Veau type III and IV clefts: a therapeutic protocol and outcomes. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020d;73(1):126–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2019.05.033.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Chou PY, Bergonzani M, Sato N, Yun C, Lo LJ. A comparative study evaluating speech outcomes in classic versus occult submucous cleft palate using a primary furlow palatoplasty technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020e;146(3):589–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000007065.

  • Denadai R, Chou PY, Pai BCJ, Chen C, Cheng-Hui Lin C, Huang CS, Chen YR, Lo LJ. Skeletofacial reconstruction for cleft-related deformities: four decades of evolving cleft care. Ann Plast Surg. 2020f;85(1):3–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denadai R, Chou PY, Pascasio DCG, Lo LJ. Modified unilateral incomplete cleft lip repair with primary nasal overcorrection: a muscle-driven technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021;147(3):700–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000007688.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dentino KM, Sierra-Vasquez D, Padwa BL. Inferior turbinate asymmetry is a feature of the unilateral complete cleft lip and palate nasal deformity. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;74(4):797–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2015.09.031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deshmukh M, Vaidya S, Deshpande G, Galinde J, Natarajan S. Comparative evaluation of esthetic outcomes in unilateral cleft lip repair between the Mohler and fisher repair techniques: a prospective, randomized. Observer-Blind Study J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019;77(1):182.e1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers AE 3rd, Kawamoto HK, Katchikian HV, Jarrahy R, Bradley JP. Microform cleft lip repair with intraoral muscle interdigitation. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;62:640–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dissaux C, Bodin F, Grollemund B, Picard A, Vazquez MP, Morand B, James I, Kauffmann I, Bruant-Rodier C. Evaluation of 5-year-old children with complete cleft lip and palate: Multicenter study. Part 1: Lip and nose aesthetic results. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015;43(10):2085–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2015.08.020.

  • Dissaux C, Grollemund B, Bodin F, Picard A, Vazquez MP, Morand B, James I, Kauffmann I, Bruant-Rodier C. Evaluation of 5-year-old children with complete cleft lip and palate: Multicenter study. Part 2: Functional results. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2016;44(2):94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2015.08.029.

  • Dissaux C, Diop V, Wagner D, Talmant JC, Morand B, Bruant-Rodier C, Ruffenach L, Grollemund B. Aesthetic and psychosocial impact of dentofacial appearance after primary rhinoplasty for cleft lip and palate. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2021;49(10):914–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2021.06.004.

  • Eisemann BS, Kantar RS, Ramly EP, Alfonso AR, Wang M, Flores RL. Qualitative assessment of columella scar quality after extended Mohler unilateral cleft lip repair. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(7):2194–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000005750.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Ashmawi NA, ElKordy SA, Salah Fayed MM, El-Beialy A, Attia KH. Effectiveness of gingivoperiosteoplasty on alveolar bone reconstruction and facial growth in patients with cleft lip and palate: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2019;56(4):438–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665618788421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eom JS, Lee TJ. Changing trends in cleft lip and palate management taught in training programs in Korea. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22(2):430–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0b013e31820745e1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esenlik E, Bekisz JM, Gibson T, Cutting CB, Grayson BH, Flores RL. Preoperative alveolar segment position as a predictor of successful Gingivoperiosteoplasty in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;141(4):971–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esenlik E, Gibson T, Kassam S, Sato Y, Garfinkle J, Figueroa AA, AlQatami F, Runyan C, Alperovich M, Golinko MS, Lee C, Chatzigianni A, Zafeiriadis AA, Santiago P, Hosseinian B, Kaygısız EU, Üçüncü N, Aslan BI, Uzuner FD, Gülşen A, Akkurt A, Arslan SG, Sabás M, Muñoz-Mendoza MA, Masis D, Holguin L, Granados A, Rojas NE, Campo B, Keskin K, Akçam MO, Lowe KM, Morselli PG, Pannuto L, Yarza IN, Martinez AT, Coşkun EY, Nissan S. NAM therapy-evidence-based results. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2020;57(4):529–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher DM. Unilateral cleft lip repair: an anatomical subunit approximation technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(1):61–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000169693.87591.9b.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher DM, Mann RJ. A model for the cleft lip nasal deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;101(6):1448–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher DM, Sommerlad BC. Cleft lip, cleft palate, and velopharyngeal insufficiency. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;128:342e–60e.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher DM, Lo LJ, Chen YR, Noordhoff MS. Three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis of the primary nasal deformity in 3-month-old infants with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103(7):1826–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199906000-00003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher MD, Fisher DM, Marcus JR. Correction of the cleft nasal deformity: from infancy to maturity. Clin Plast Surg. 2014;41(2):283–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2014.01.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franco D, Gonçalves LF, Franco T. Management of cleft lip and palate in Brazil. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2003;37(5):272–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02844310310002949.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friel MT, Starbuck JM, Ghoneima AM, Murage K, Kula KS, Tholpady S, Havlik RJ, Flores RL. Airway obstruction and the unilateral cleft lip and palate deformity: contributions by the bony septum. Ann Plast Surg. 2015;75(1):37–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000000027.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchigami T, Kimura N, Kibe T, et al. Effects of pre-surgical nasoalveolar moulding on maxillary arch and nasal form in unilateral cleft lip and palate before lip surgery. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2017;20(4):209–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto H, Morioka D, Akamine S, et al. Three-dimensional measurement of the lateral lip element sacrificed in primary repair of a unilateral cleft lip. Ann Plast Surg. 2020;85(2):180–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuhara T, Saito S. Genetic consideration on the dysplasia of the nasopalatal segments as a “Forme Fruste” radiologically found in parents of cleft children: a preliminary report. Jpn J Hum Genet. 1962;7:234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Funayama E, Yamamoto Y, Furukawa H, et al. A new primary cleft lip repair technique tailored for Asian patients that combines three surgical concepts: comparison with rotation--advancement and straight-line methods. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2016;44(1):27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2015.09.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furnas DW. Straight-line closure: a preliminary to Millard closure in unilateral cleft lips. (with a history of the straight-line closure, including the Mirault misunderstanding). Clin Plast Surg. 1984;11:701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganske IM, Langa OC, Mulliken JB. Philtral ridge projection in repaired unilateral cleft lip: three-dimensional anthropometry. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000007460.

  • Gopalakrishna A, Agrawal K. A status report on management of cleft lip and palate in India. Indian J Plast Surg. 2010;43(1):66–75. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.63938.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosla-Reddy S, Nagy K, Mommaerts MY, Reddy RR, Bronkhorst EM, Prasad R, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Bergé SJ. Primary septoplasty in the repair of unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127(2):761–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grayson BH. Discussion: limited evidence for the effect of presurgical nasoalveolar molding in unilateral cleft on nasal symmetry: a call for unified research. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(1):75e–6e.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grayson BH, Cutting CB. Presurgical nasoalveolar orthopedic molding in primary correction of the nose, lip, and alveolus of infants born with unilateral and bilateral clefts. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2001;38(3):193–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grayson BH, Garfinkle JS. Early cleft management: the case for nasoalveolar molding. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2014;145:134–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grayson BH, Santiago PE, Brecht LE, Cutting CB. Presurgical nasoalveolar molding in infants with cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1999;36(6):486–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greives MR, Camison L, Losee JE. Evidence-based medicine: unilateral cleft lip and nose repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134:1372–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grewal JS, Yanik SC, Strohl-Bryan AM, Tatum SA. The unilateral cleft lip repair. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(3):102908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.102908.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gudis DA, Patel KG. Update on primary cleft lip rhinoplasty. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;22(4):260–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haddock NT, McRae MH, Cutting CB. Long-term effect of primary cleft rhinoplasty on secondary cleft rhinoplasty in patients with unilateral cleft lip-cleft palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129:740–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakim SG, Aschoff HH, Jacobsen HC, Sieg P. Unilateral cleft lip/nose repair using an equal bows/straight line advancement technique - a preliminary report and postoperative symmetry-based anthropometry. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2014;42:e39–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han K, Park J, Lee S, Jeong W. Personal technique for definite repair of complete unilateral cleft lip: modified Millard technique. Arch Craniofac Surg. 2018 Mar;19(1):3–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway RR, Long RE Jr. Early cleft management: in search of evidence. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2014;145:135–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He X, Shi B, Li S, Zheng Q. A geometrically justified rotation advancement technique for the repair of complete unilateral cleft lip. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009 Sep;62(9):1154–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2007.12.087.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He X, Li H, Hu Y, Shao Y. Modified Millard repair of the incomplete unilateral cleft lip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(5):764e–6e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318267d9ab.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He L, Yu X, Liu X, Chen W, Shu M. Tailored microform cleft lip repair: personalizing small incisions, orbicularis reconstruction, and rhinoplasty. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(5):1520–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000005345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heckler FR, Oesterle LG, Jabaley ME. The minimal cleft lip revisited: clinical and anatomic corrections. Cleft Palate J. 1979;16:240–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellquist R, Skoog T. The influence of primary periosteoplasty on maxillary growth and deciduous occlusion in cases of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. A longitudinal study from infancy to the age of 5. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976;10(3):197–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henkel KO, Gundlach KK. Analysis of primary gingivoperiosteoplasty in alveolar cleft repair. Part I: facial growth. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1997;25(5):266–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins EE, Gazza E, Marazita ML. Parental experience caring for cleft lip and palate infants with nasoalveolar moulding. J Adv Nurs. 2016 Oct;72(10):2413–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseini HR, Kaklamanos EG, Athanasiou AE. Treatment outcomes of pre-surgical infant orthopedics in patients with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181768.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh CH-Y, Ko EW-C, Chen PK-T, Huang C-S. The effect of gingivoperiosteoplasty on facial growth in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2010;47(5):439–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh YJ, Liao YF, Shetty A. Predictors of poor dental arch relationship in young children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Clin Oral Investig. 2012;16:1261–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang H, Han Y, Akinade T, Li J, Shi B, Li C. Force balance reconstruction of the orbicularis oris in unilateral incomplete cleft lip. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020;S1748-6815(20):30140–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.03.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishigaki T, Udagawa A. Use of the modified unilateral cleft lip repair technique to establish a cupid’s bow with a natural structure. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2020 Sep;29:1055665620962364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665620962364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James NK, Mercer NS, Peat B, Pigott RW, McComb H. Nasal symmetry: a 10-year comparison between the Pigott and McComb nasal correction. Br J Plast Surg. 1991;44(8):562–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(91)90088-2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayarajan R, Natarajan A, Nagamuttu R. Outcomes of closed versus open technique of rhinoplasty during primary repair of unilateral cleft lip: a systematic review. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2019;56:74–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jodeh DS, Soni S, Cray JJ, Rottgers SA. Degree of asymmetry between patients with complete and incomplete cleft lips. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2021;58(5):539–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665620962365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joos U. Muscle reconstruction in primary cleft lip surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1989;17:8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung S, Chung KH, Chang SY, Ohrmman D, Lim E, Lo LJ. A new technique for perioral muscle reconstruction and lip lengthening in complete unilateral cleft lip. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020;73(4):749–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2019.11.013.

  • Jung S, Lo LJ. Dissection in the pyramidal space for effective relief of tension in cleft palate repair. Ann Plast Surg. 2020;84(1S Suppl 1):S54–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002169.

  • Kane AA, Pilgram TK, Moshiri M, Marsh JL. Long-term outcome of cleft lip nasal reconstruction in childhood. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000a;105(5):1600–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200004050-00002.

  • Kane AA, Lo LJ, Yen BD, Chen YR, Noordhoff MS. The effect of hamulus fracture on the outcome of palatoplasty: a preliminary report of a prospective, alternating study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2000b;37(5):506–11. https://doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2000_037_0506_teohfo_2.0.co_2.

  • Kane AA, DeLeon VB, Valeri C, Becker DB, Richtsmeier JT, Lo LJ. Preoperative osseous dysmorphology in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate: a quantitative analysis of computed tomography data. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(4):1295–301. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000258519.88178.c4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapi E, Bozkurt M, Ozer T, Celik MY. Is early nasal shaping with a limited alar base incision possible in the repair of cleft lips? J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27(3):571–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000002454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katzel EB, Basile P, Koltz PF, Marcus JR, Girotto JA. Current surgical practices in cleft care: cleft palate repair techniques and postoperative care. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(3):899–906. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181b03824.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman Y, Cole P, Hatef DA, Bruner TW, Hollier LH Jr, Stal S. Refinements of the unilateral Millard technique: the Texas Children’s Hospital approach. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124:612–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kernahan DA, Bauer BS. Functional cleft lip repair: a sequential, layered closure with orbicularis muscle realignment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;72:459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kernahan DA, Bauer BS, Harris GD. Experience with the Tajima procedure in primary and secondary repair in unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;66:46–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kernahan DA, Dado DV, Bauer BS. The anatomy of the orbicularis oris muscle in unilateral cleft lip based on a three-dimensional histologic reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;73:875.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khavanin N, Jenny H, Jodeh DS, Scott MA, Rottgers SA, Steinberg JP. Cleft and craniofacial team orthodontic care in the United States: a survey of the ACPA. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2019;56(7):860–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim DC, Mulliken JB. Direct anthropometry of repaired bilateral complete cleft lip: a long-term assessment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(2):326e–32e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SK, Cha BH, Lee KC, Park JM. Primary correction of unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity in Asian patients: anthropometric evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(6):1373–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HY, Park J, Chang MC, Song IS, Seo BM. Modified Fisher method for unilateral cleft lip-report of cases. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017a;39:12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MC, Choi DH, Bae SG, Cho BC. Correction of minor-form and microform cleft lip using modified muscle overlapping with a minimal skin incision. Arch Plast Surg. 2017b;44(3):210–6. https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2017.44.3.210.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kluba S, Bopp C, Bacher M, Reinert S, Krimmel M. Morphological analysis of the lip and nose following cleft lip repair with simultaneous partial primary rhinoplasty: a prospective study over 4 years. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015;43(5):599–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2015.02.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight ZL, Ganske I, Deutsch CK, Mulliken JB. The changing nasolabial dimensions following repair of unilateral cleft lip: an anthropometric study in late childhood. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(5):879e–86e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koh KS, Hwang CH, Kim EK. Modified design of Cupid’s bow in the repair of unilateral microform cleft lip: in case of deficient distance between the midline and the cleft side Cupid’s bow peak. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(5):1367–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0b013e3181ae42a5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kornbluth M, Campbell RE, Daskalogiannakis J, et al. Active presurgical infant orthopedics for unilateral cleft lip and palate: intercenter outcome comparison of Latham, modified McNeil, and nasoalveolar molding. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018;55(5):639–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665618757367.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koya S, Shetty S, Husain A, Khader M. Presurgical nasoalveolar molding therapy using Figueroa’s NAM technique in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients: a preliminary study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016;40(5):410–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuna SK, Srinath N, Naveen BS, Hasan K. Comparison of outcome of modified Millard’s incision and Delaire’s functional method in primary repair of unilateral cleft lip: a prospective study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2016;15(2):221–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwong JW, Cai LZ, Azad AD, Lorenz HP, Khosla RK, Lee GK, Nazerali RS. Assessing the fisher, Mohler, and Millard techniques of cleft lip repair surgery with eye-tracking technology. Ann Plast Surg. 2019;82(5S Suppl 4):S313–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laberge LC. Unilateral cleft lip and palate: simultaneous early repair of the nose, anterior palate and lip. Can J Plast Surg. 2007;15(1):13–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • LaRossa D. Respecting curves in unilateral cleft lip repair. Oper Tech Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;2:182–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaRossa D. Unilateral cleft lip repair. In: Bentz ML, editor. Pediatric plastic surgery. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange; 1998. p. 52–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee TJ. Upper lip measurements at the time of surgery and follow-up after modified rotation-advancement flap repair in unilateral cleft lip patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(4):911–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199909040-00003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee TJ, Kim ST. A survey of cleft lip and palate management taught in training programs in Korea. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2003;40(1):80–3. https://doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2003_040_0080_asocla_2.0.co_2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman JA, Artz JS. The minimal cleft lip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976;58:306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LeMesurier AB. Method of cutting and suturing lip in complete unilateral cleft lip. Plas Reconst Surg. 1949;4:1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leow AM, Lo LJ. Palatoplasty: evolution and controversies. Chang Gung Med J. 2008;31:335–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis MB. Unilateral cleft lip repair. Clin Plast Surg. 1993;20:647–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Yin N, Song T, Wang Y. New technique for correction of the microform cleft lip using trans/intraoral approach. Indian J Surg. 2014;76(5):415–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-013-0888-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao YF, Lee YH, Wang R, Huang CS, Chen PK, Lo LJ, Chen YR. Vomer flap for hard palate repair is related to favorable maxillary growth in unilateral cleft lip and palate. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18(4):1269–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-013-1084-2.

  • Liao YF, Numhom S, Lo LJ, Noordhoff MS. Craniofacial and dental dysmorphology in patients with median facial dysplasia: long-term follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40(7):672–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2011.02.021.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao YF, Hsieh YJ, Chen IJ, Ko WC, Chen PK. Comparative out- comes of two nasoalveolar molding techniques for unilateral cleft nose deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(6):1289–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin AE, Gorlin RJ, Lurie IW, Brunner HG, van der Burgt I, Naumchik IV, Rumyantseva NV, Stengel-Rutkowski S, Rosenbaum K, Meinecke P, et al. Further delineation of the branchio-oculo-facial syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1995;56(1):42–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320560112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linden OE, Taylor HO, Vasudavan S, Byrne ME, Deutsch CK, Mulliken JB, Sullivan SR. Three-dimensional analysis of nasal symmetry following primary correction of unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2017;54:715–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liou EJ, Subramanian M, Chen PK, Huang CS. The progressive changes of nasal symmetry and growth after nasoalveolar molding: a three-year follow-up study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(4):858–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lo LJ, Huang CS, Chen YR, Noordhoff MS. Palatoalveolar outcome at 18 months following simultaneous primary cleft lip repair and posterior palatoplasty. Ann Plast Surg. 1999;42(6):581–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199906000-00001.

  • Lo LJ. Primary correction of the unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity: achieving the excellence. Chang Gung Med J. 2006;29(3):262–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lonic D, Morris DE, Lo LJ. Primary overcorrection of the unilateral cleft nasal deformity: quantifying the results. Ann Plast Surg. 2016;77(Suppl 1):S25–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000000708.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long RE Jr, Hathaway R, Daskalogiannakis J, Mercado A, Russell K, Cohen M, Semb G, Shaw W. The Americleft study: an inter-center study of treatment outcomes for patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate part 1. Principles and study design. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2011;48(3):239–43. https://doi.org/10.1597/09-180.1.

  • Lonic D, Yamaguchi K, Chien-Jung Pai B, Lo LJ. Reinforcing the mucoperiosteal pocket with the scarpa fascia graft in secondary alveolar bone grafting: a retrospective controlled outcome study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140:568e–78e.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Losee JE, Selber JC, Arkoulakis N, Serletti JM. The cleft lateral lip element: do traditional markings result in secondary deformities? Ann Plast Surg. 2003;50(6):594–600. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.SAP.0000069072.75463.BD.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu TC, Lam WL, Chang CS, Chen PKT. Primary correction of nasal deformity in unilateral incomplete cleft lip: a comparative study between three techniques. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012;65(4):456–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu TC, Yao CF, Lin S, Chang CS, Chen PK. Primary septal cartilage graft for the unilateral cleft rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139:1177–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu TC, Filson S, Yao CF, Chen PK. Septal anchoring suture: a key suture to improve the nasolabial symmetry in unilateral cheiloplasty. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;47(9):1106–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madaree A. Symmetric philtral column repair for unilateral cleft lip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;143(4):1147–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maillard S, Retrouvey JM, Ahmed MK, Taub PJ. Correlation between nasoalveolar molding and surgical, aesthetic, functional and socioeconomic outcomes following primary repair surgery: a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2017;8(3):e2. https://doi.org/10.5037/jomr.2017.8302.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maliha SG, Kantar RS, Gonchar MN, Eisemann BS, Staffenberg DA, Shetye PR, Grayson BH, Flores RL. The effects of nasoalveolar molding on nasal proportions at the time of nasal maturity. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2021;58(3):284–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665620950139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcks KM, Trevaskis AE, DaCosta A. Further observation in cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1946;1953(12):392–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus JR, Allori AC, Santiago PE. Principles of cleft lip repair: conventions, commonalities, and controversies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(3):764e–80e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margulis A, Alperson E, Billig A. Cephalometric evaluation of upper lip symmetry after functional unilateral cleft lip repair with the Kernahan and Bauer technique and primary cleft rhinoplasty. Isr Med Assoc J. 2014;16(11):693–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marimuthu M, Bonanthaya K, Shetty P, Wahab A. Open versus closed rhinoplasty with primary cheiloplasty: a comparative study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2013;12(3):289–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-012-0436-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin RA, Hunter V, Neufeld-Kaiser W, et al. Ultrasonographic detection of orbicularis oris defects in first degree relatives of isolated cleft lip patients. Am J Med Genet. 2000;90:155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massie JP, Bruckman K, Rifkin WJ, Runyan CM, Shetye PR, Grayson B, Flores RL. The effect of nasoalveolar molding on nasal airway anatomy: a 9-year follow-up of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018;55(4):596–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665617744062.

  • Matic DB, Power SM. The effects of gingivoperiosteoplasty following alveolar molding with a pin-retained Latham appliance versus secondary bone grafting on midfacial growth in patients with unilateral clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008a;122:863–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matic DB, Power SM. Evaluating the success of gingivoperiosteoplasty versus secondary bone grafting in patients with unilateral clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008b;121:1343–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maull DJ, Grayson BH, Cutting CB, Brecht LL, Bookstein FL, Khorrambadi D, Webb JA, Hurwitz DJ. Long-term effects of nasoalveolar molding on three-dimensional nasal shape in unilateral clefts. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1999;36(5):391–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McComb H. Primary correction of unilateral cleft-lip nasal deformity—a 10-year review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;75(6):791–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McComb HK, Coghlan BA. Primary repair of the unilateral cleft lip nose: completion of a longitudinal study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1996;33(1):23–31. https://doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1996_033_0023_protuc_2.3.co_2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millard DR. A radical rotation in single harelip. Am J Surg. 1958;95:318–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millard DR. Complete unilateral clefts of the lip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1960;25:595–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millard DR. Extensions of the rotation-advancement principle for wide unilateral cleft lips. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1968;42:535–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millard DR. Cleft craft: the evolution of its surgery. Vol. 1: the unilateral deformity. Boston: Little, Brown; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millard DR Jr. Refinements in rotation-advancement cleft lip technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1964;33:26–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millard DR Jr. Earlier correction of the unilateral cleft lip nose. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;70:64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millard DR, Morovic CG. Primary unilateral cleft nose correction: a 10-year follow- up. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:1331–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirault G. Deux lettres sur l’operation du bec-de-lievre. J Chir Paris. 1844;2:257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitsukawa N, Hosaka Y. Secondary correction of deformities of the vermilion with exposed oral mucosa after cleft lip repair. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19:1370–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mittermiller PA, Sethi H, Morbia RP, Johns D, Baylan J, Lorenz HP, Khosla RK. Anatomical nasal lining flaps for closure of the nasal floor in unilateral and bilateral cleft lip repairs reduce fistulas at the alveolus. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;142(6):1549–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohler LR. Unilateral cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987;80:511–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohler LR. Unilateral cleft lip repair. Oper Tech Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;2:193–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monson LA, Kirschner RE, Losee JE. Primary repair of cleft lip and nasal deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;132(6):1040e–53e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182a808e6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller W. Differentiated reconstruction of the orbicularis oris muscle in unilateral labioplasty. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1989;17:11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulliken JB, Burvin R, Padwa BL. Binderoid complete cleft lip/palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111(3):1000–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000046244.08487.BF.

  • Mulliken JB. Double unilimb Z-plastic repair of microform cleft lip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:1623–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulliken JB, LaBrie RA. Fourth-dimensional changes in nasolabial dimensions following rotation-advancement repair of unilateral cleft lip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129(2):491–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31822b69b4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulliken JB, Martínez-Pérez D. The principle of rotation advancement for repair of unilateral complete cleft lip and nasal deformity: technical variations and analysis of results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:1247–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murali SP, Denadai R, Sato N, Lin HH, Hsiao J, Pai BCJ, Chou PY, Lo LJ. Long-term outcome of primary rhinoplasty with overcorrection in patients with unilateral cleft lip nose deformity: avoiding intermediate rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021. (Accepted).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murali SP, Denadai R, Chou PY, Chang CS, Lo LJ. Secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with cleft lip and palate: a step-by-step video series. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022;149(6):1176e–80e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000009168.

  • Murthy PS, Deshmukh S, Bhagyalakshmi A, Srilatha K. Pre surgical nasoalveolar molding: changing paradigms in early cleft lip and palate rehabilitation. J Int Oral Health. 2013;5(2):70–80.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima T, Tamada I, Miyamoto J, Nagasao T, Hikosaka M. Straight line repair of unilateral cleft lip: new operative method based on 25 years experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61(8):870–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2007.06.003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima Y, Yuzuriha S, Nagai F, Fujita K, Noguchi M. Oronasal transfixion suture to prevent uplifted nasal floor deformity in cleft lip and palate patients: a 5-year follow-up. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2019;56(3):390–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665618774027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura N, Sasaguri M, Nozoe E, Nishihara K, Hasegawa H, Nakamura S. Postoperative nasal forms after presurgical nasoalveolar molding followed by medial-upward advancement of nasolabial components with vestibular expansion for children with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67(10):2222–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolau PJ. The orbicularis oris muscle: a functional approach to its repair in the cleft lip. Br J Plast Surg. 1983;36(2):141–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(83)90081-4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noordhoff MS. Reconstruction of vermilion in unilateral and bilateral cleft lips. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;73(1):52–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noordhoff MS, Cheng WS. Median facial dysgenesis in cleft lip and palate. Ann Plast Surg. 1982;8(1):83–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-198201000-00013.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noordhoff MS, Huang CS, Lo LJ. Median facial dysplasia in unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate: a subgroup of median cerebrofacial malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;91:996–1007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noordhoff MS, Chen YR, Chen KT, Hong KF, Lo LJ. The surgical technique for the complete unilateral cleft lip-nasal deformity. Oper Tech Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;2:167–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Numa W, Eberlin K, Hamdan US. Alar base flap and suspending suture: a strategy to restore symmetry to the nasal alar contour in primary cleft-lip rhinoplasty. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(12):2171–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000244153.78495.e8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunez-Villaveiran T, Fahradyan V, McNinch NL, Valentine A, Larson H, Murthy AS. Photogrammetric outcomes of primary nasal correction in unilateral cleft lip patients: early childhood results from a single surgeon’s experience. Ann Plast Surg. 2020;84(1):53–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002039.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nur Yilmaz RB, Germec Cakan D, Turkyilmaz UE. Maternal and paternal Well-being during nasoalveolar molding and primary surgery periods. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(7):2227–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olasoji HO, Hassan A, Adeyemo WL. Survey of management of children with cleft lip and palate in teaching and specialist hospitals in Nigeria. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2011;48(2):150–5. https://doi.org/10.1597/08-184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omkumar A, Sharma M. A novel technique for the management of microform cleft lip. Indian J Plast Surg. 2016;49(3):426–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Onizuka T. A new method for the primary repair of unilateral cleft lip. Ann Plast Surg. 1980;4:516–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onizuka T, Ichinose M, Hosaka Y, Usui Y, Jinnai T. The contour lines of the upper lip and a revised method of cleft lip repair. Ann Plast Surg. 1991a;27(3):238–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199109000-00008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onizuka T, Hosaka Y, Aoyama R, Takahama H, Jinnai T, Usui Y. Operations for microforms of cleft lip. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1991b;28(3):293–300. Discussion 300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oyama A, Funayama E, Furukawa H, Hayashi T, Saito A, Yamamoto Y. Minor-form/microform cleft lip repair: the importance of identification and utilization of cupid bow peak on the lateral lip. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;72(1):47–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182587215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pai BC, Ko EW, Huang CS, Liou EJ. Symmetry of the nose after presurgical nasoalveolar molding in infants with unilateral cleft lip and palate: a preliminary study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42(6):658–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pai BCJ, Hung YT, Wang RSH, Lo LJ. Outcome of patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate: 20-year follow-up of a treatment protocol. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;143(2):359e–67e.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos MA, Koumpridou EN, Vakalis ML, Papageorgiou SN. Effectiveness of pre-surgical infant orthopedic treatment for cleft lip and palate patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2012;15(4):207–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2012.01552.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel KB, Mulliken JB. Correction of the vestibular web during primary repair of unilateral cleft lip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134(4):600e–7e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000000549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel TA, Patel KG. Comparison of the fisher anatomical subunit and modified Millard rotation-advancement cleft lip repairs. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;144(2):238e–45e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000005847.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel PA, Rubin MS, Clouston S, Lalezaradeh F, Brecht LE, Cutting CB, Shetye PR, Warren SM, Grayson BH. Comparative study of early secondary nasal revisions and costs in patients with clefts treated with and without nasoalveolar molding. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(4):1229–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peanchitlertkajorn S, Mercado A, Daskalogiannakis J, Hathaway R, Russell K, Semb G, Shaw W, Lamichane M, Cohen M, Long RE Jr. An intercenter comparison of nasolabial appearance including a center using nasoalveolar molding. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018a;55(5):655–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665618754947.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peanchitlertkajorn S, Mercado A, Daskalogiannakis J, Hathaway R, Russell K, Semb G, Shaw W, Lamichane M, Fessler J, Long RE Jr. An intercenter comparison of dental arch relationships and craniofacial form including a center using nasoalveolar molding. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018b;55(6):821–9. https://doi.org/10.1597/16-018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peet E. The Oxford technique of cleft palate repair. Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull. 1961 Sep;28:282–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perdanasari AT, Wagner RD, Davis MJ, Masoumy M, Eisemann BS, Olshinka A, Buchanan EP. Nasal alar surface area differences after unilateral cleft lip repair: long-term effects of the perialar incision. J Craniofac Surg. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000006284.

  • Pfeifer G. Lip corrections following earlier cleft surgery by way of wave-line incisions. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z. 1970;25:569–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto V, Piccin O, Burgio L, Summo V, Antoniazzi E, Morselli PG. Effect of early correction of nasal septal deformity in unilateral cleft lip and palate on inferior turbinate hypertrophy and nasal patency. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;108:190–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.03.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerance HH. Congenital prolobial-maxillary scar: a possible minor expression of cleft lip. J Pediatr. 1971;78:868.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pool R. The configurations of the unilateral cleft lip, with reference to the rotation advancement repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1966;37:558–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prahl C, Prahl-Andersen B, Van’t Hof MA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Presurgical orthopedics and satisfaction in motherhood: a randomized clinical trial (Dutchcleft). Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2008;45(3):284–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramly EP, Eisemann BS, Kantar RS, et al. Unilateral cleft lip repair: a quantitative scale assessment of postoperative lip and nose scars across 2 operative techniques. Ann Plast Surg. 2019;83(6):660–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000001991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randall P. A triangular flap operation for the primary repair of unilateral clefts of the lip. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1959;23:331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranta R. Minimal cleft lip: comparison of associated abnormalities. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1988;17:183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rautio J, Andersen M, Bolund S, Hukki J, Vindenes H, Davenport P, Arctander K, Larson O, Berggren A, Åbyholm F, Whitby D, Leonard A, Lilja J, Neovius E, Elander A, Heliövaara A, Eyres P, Semb G. Scandcleft randomised trials of primary surgery for unilateral cleft lip and palate: 2. Surgical results. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2017;51(1):14–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/2000656X.2016.1254646.

  • Reddy SG, Devarakonda V, Reddy RR. Assessment of nostril symmetry after primary cleft rhinoplasty in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2013;41(2):147–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2012.07.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway EB, Andrews BT, Labrie RA, Padwa BL, Mulliken JB. Positioning the caudal septum during primary repair of unilateral cleft lip. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22(4):1219–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JM, Jacobs A, Morrow B, Hauck R, Samson TD. Current trends in unilateral cleft lip care: a 10-year update on practice patterns. Ann Plast Surg. 2020;84(5):595–601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodman RE, Tatum S. Controversies in the management of patients with cleft lip and palate. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2016;24(3):255–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2016.03.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose E. Udber den plastischen Ersatz des harten Gaumens aus der Lipp. Arch Klin Chir. 1879;24:438. (In German)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossell-Perry P, Gavino-Gutierrez AM. Upper double-rotation advancement method for unilateral cleft lip repair of severe forms: classification and surgical technique. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22(6):2036–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth M, Lonic D, Grill FD, Ritschl LM, Loeffelbein DJ, Wolff KD, Niu LS, Pai BC, Prantl L, Kehrer A, Heidekrüger PI, Rau A, Lo LJ. NAM-help or burden? Intercultural evaluation of parental stress caused by nasoalveolar molding: a retrospective multi-center study. Clin Oral Investig. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03850-7.

  • Rottgers SA, Jiang S. Repositioning of the lower lateral cartilage in primary cleft nasoplasty: utilization of a modified Tajima technique. Ann Plast Surg. 2010;64(5):691–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rottgers SA, Lim SY, Hall AM, Zurakowski D, Mulliken JB. Longitudinal photogrammetric analysis of the columellar-labial angle following primary repair of bilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(5):1190–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin MS, Clouston S, Ahmed MM, Lowe KM, Shetye PR, Broder HL, Warren SM, Grayson BH. Assessment of presurgical clefts and predicted surgical outcome in patients treated with and without nasoalveolar molding. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(1):71–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Russell AJ, Patel KB, Skolnick GB, Woo AS. The use of an inferior pennant flap during unilateral cleft lip repair improves lip height symmetry. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5):1046–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salyer K. Primary correction of the unilateral cleft lip nose: a 15-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;77:558–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salyer KE, Genecov ER, Genecov DG. Unilateral cleft lip-nose repair: a 33-year experience. J Craniofac Surg. 2003;14:549–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salyer KE, Xu H, Genecov ER. Unilateral cleft lip and nose repair; closed approach Dallas protocol completed patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(Suppl 2):1939–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santiago PE, Grayson BH, Cutting CB, Gianoutsos MP, Brecht LE, Kwon SM. Reduced need for alveolar bone grafting by presurgical orthopedics and primary gingivoperiosteoplasty. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1998;35:77–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato Y, Grayson BH, Garfinkle JS, Barillas I, Maki K, Cutting CB. Success rate of gingivoperiosteoplasty with and without secondary bone grafts compared with secondary alveolar bone grafts alone. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(4):1356–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawhney CP. Geometry of single cleft lip rapair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1972;49(5):518–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitt DE, Agir H, David DJ. From birth to maturity: a group of patients who have completed their protocol management. Part I. unilateral cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113:805–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seagle MB, Furlow LT Jr. Muscle reconstruction in cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113:1537–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seidenstricker-Kink LM, Becker DB, Govier DP, DeLeon VB, Lo LJ, Kane AA. Comparative osseous and soft tissue morphology following cleft lip repair. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2008;45(5):511–7. https://doi.org/10.1597/07-001.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semb G, Enemark H, Friede H, Paulin G, Lilja J, Rautio J, Andersen M, Åbyholm F, Lohmander A, Shaw W, Mølsted K, Heliövaara A, Bolund S, Hukki J, Vindenes H, Davenport P, Arctander K, Larson O, Berggren A, Whitby D, Leonard A, Neovius E, Elander A, Willadsen E, Bannister RP, Bradbury E, Henningsson G, Persson C, Eyres P, Emborg B, Kisling-Møller M, Küseler A, Granhof Black B, Schöps A, Bau A, Boers M, Andersen HS, Jeppesen K, Marxen D, Paaso M, Hölttä E, Alaluusua S, Turunen L, Humerinta K, Elfving-Little U, Tørdal IB, Kjøll L, Aukner R, Hide Ø, Feragen KB, Rønning E, Skaare P, Brinck E, Semmingsen AM, Lindberg N, Bowden M, Davies J, Mooney J, Bellardie H, Schofield N, Nyberg J, Lundberg M, Karsten AL, Larson M, Holmefjord A, Reisæter S, Pedersen NH, Rasmussen T, Tindlund R, Sæle P, Blomhoff R, Jacobsen G, Havstam C, Rizell S, Enocson L, Hagberg C, Najar Chalien M, Paganini A, Lundeborg I, Marcusson A, Mjönes AB, Gustavsson A, Hayden C, McAleer E, Slevan E, Gregg T, Worthington H. A Scandcleft randomised trials of primary surgery for unilateral cleft lip and palate: 1. Planning and management. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2017;51(1):2–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/2000656X.2016.1263202.

  • Seo HJ, Denadai R, Lo LJ. Long-term nasal growth after primary rhinoplasty for bilateral cleft lip nose deformity: a three-dimensional photogrammetric study with comparative analysis. J Clin Med. 2019;8(5):602. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050602.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Seo HJ, Denadai R, Pascasio DCG, Lo LJ. Modified double-opposing Z-plasty for patients with Veau I cleft palate: Are lateral relaxing incisions necessary? Medicine (Baltimore). 2019a;98(50):e18392. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000018392.

  • Seo HJ, Denadai R, Pai BC, Lo LJ. Modern Surgery-First Approach Concept in Cleft-Orthognathic Surgery: A Comparative Cohort Study with 3D Quantitative Analysis of Surgical-Occlusion Setup. J Clin Med. 2019b;8(12):2116. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122116.

  • Seo HJ, Denadai R, Vamvanij N, Chinpaisarn C, Lo LJ. Primary rhinoplasty does not interfere with nasal growth: a long-term three-dimensional morphometric outcome study in patients with unilateral cleft. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145(5):1223–36. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah N, Kearney AM, Zins J, Gosain AK. Evolving trends in unilateral cleft lip repair based on continuous certification by the American Board of Plastic Surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2022;33(2):502–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000008016.

  • Shaw WC, Semb G, Nelson P, Brattström V, Mølsted K, Prahl-Andersen B, Gundlach KK. The Eurocleft project 1996-2000: overview. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2001;29(3):131–40; discussion 141–2. https://doi.org/10.1054/jcms.2001.0217.

  • Shaw WC, Brattström V, Mølsted K, Prahl-Andersen B, Roberts CT, Semb G. The Eurocleft study: intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Part 5: discussion and conclusions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42:93–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shay PL, Goldstein JA, Paliga JT, Wink J, Jackson OA, Low D, Bartlett SP, Taylor JA. A comparative cost analysis of cleft lip adhesion and nasoalveolar molding before formal cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(6):1264–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherif MM. A subcutaneous Alar Base (SCAB) flap to restore symmetry of the ala in primary cleft-lip nose repair. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;73(6):652–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182858717.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simanca E, Morris D, Zhao L, Reisberg D, Viana G. Measuring progressive soft tissue change with nasoalveolar molding using a three-dimensional system. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22(5):1622–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sischo L, Chan JW, Stein M, Smith C, van Aalst J, Broder HL. Nasoalveolar molding: prevalence of cleft centers offering NAM and who seeks it. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2012;49(3):70–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sischo L, Broder HL, Phillips C. Coping with cleft: a conceptual framework of caregiver responses to nasoalveolar molding. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2015;52(6):640–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sischo L, Clouston SA, Phillips C, Broder HL. Caregiver responses to early cleft palate care: a mixed method approach. Health Psychol. 2016;35(5):474–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sitzman TJ, Fisher DM. Presurgical unilateral cleft lip anthropometrics: incidence of vermilion height asymmetry. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(6):935e–6e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31828bd926.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sitzman TJ, Girotto JA, Marcus JR. Current surgical practices in cleft care: unilateral cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(5):261e–70e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31816a9feb.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skoog T. A design for the repair of unilateral cleft lips. Am J Surg. 1958;95(2):223–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smahel Z, Müllerová Z, Nejedlý A. Effect of primary repositioning of the nasal septum on facial growth in unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1999;36(4):310–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobol DL, Allori AC, Carlson AR, Pien IJ, Watkins SE, Aylsworth AS, Meyer RE, Pimenta LA, Strauss RP, Ramsey BL, Raynor E, Marcus JR. Nasal airway dysfunction in children with cleft lip and cleft palate: results of a cross-sectional population-based study, with anatomical and surgical considerations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(6):1275–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002772.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sommerlad BC. Surgery of the cleft lip and nose—the GOStA approach. B-ENT. 2006;2(04):29–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stal S, Brown RH, Higuera S, Hollier LH Jr, Byrd HS, Cutting CB, Mulliken JB. Fifty years of the Millard rotation-advancement: looking back and moving forward. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123(4):1364–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31819e26a5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starbuck JM, Friel MT, Ghoneima A, Flores RL, Tholpady S, Kula K. Nasal airway and septal variation in unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate. Clin Anat. 2014;27(7):999–1008. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tajima S. Follow-up results of the unilateral primary cleft lip operation with special reference to primary nasal correction by the author’s method. Facial Plast Surg. 1990;7:97–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeshita A, Nakajima T, Kaneko T, Yazawa M, Tamada I. Surgical creation of a Cupid’s bow using W-plasty in patients after cleft lip surgery. Br J Plast Surg. 2003;56(4):375–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1226(03)00128-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan SPK, Ganske IM, Mulliken JB. Nasolabial revisions in unilateral incomplete cleft lip: one surgeon’s 28-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145(6):1477–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006831.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang PM, Chao NS, Leung MW, Liu KW. Changes in nasal configuration following primary rhinoplasty: direct anthropometric measurement in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2016;53(5):557–61. https://doi.org/10.1597/15-125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tangco I, Bhandari K, Yao CF, Liu AWC, Chen PK, Lu TC. Unilateral cleft lip repair using the chang gung technique: an outcome analysis. Ann Plast Surg. 2021;86(2S Suppl 1):S41–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002704.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tennison CW. The repair of the unilateral cleft lip by the stencil method. Plast Reconst Surg. 1952;9:115–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaller SR, Lee TJ. Microform cleft lip associated with complete cleft palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1995;32:247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thatte RL. Radical muscle mobilisation in the surgical repair of a unilateral cleft lip. Br J Plast Surg. 1982;35:356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The annals of plastic surgery January 2020 Noordhoff memorial essays. Ann Plast Surg. 2020;84(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002184.

  • Thiele OC, Kreppel M, Dunsche A, Eckardt AM, Ehrenfeld M, Fleiner B, Gaßling V, Gehrke G, Gerressen M, Gosau M, Gröbe A, Haßfeld S, Heiland M, Hoffmeister B, Hölzle F, Klein C, Krüger M, Kübler AC, Kübler NR, Kuttenberger JJ, Landes C, Lauer G, Martini M, Merholz ET, Mischkowski RA, Al-Nawas B, Nkenke E, Piesold JU, Pradel W, Rasse M, Rachwalski M, Reich RH, Rothamel D, Rustemeyer J, Scheer M, Schliephake H, Schmelzeisen R, Schramm A, Schupp W, Spitzer WJ, Stocker E, Stoll C, Terheyden H, Voigt A, Wagner W, Weingart D, Werkmeister R, Wiltfang J, Ziegler CM, Zöller JE. Current concepts in cleft care: a multicenter analysis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2018;46(4):705–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2018.01.014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas C. Primary rhinoplasty by open approach with repair of unilateral complete cleft lip. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(Suppl 2):1711–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0b013e3181b3eee4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas C, Mishra P. Open tip rhinoplasty along with the repair of cleft lip in cleft lip and palate cases. Br J Plast Surg. 2000;53(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjps.1999.3248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JE. An artistic and mathematically accurate method of repairing the defect in cases of harelip. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1912;14:498–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson HG. Unilateral cleft lip repair. Oper Tech Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;2:175–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson HG. Unilateral cleft lip repair. Oper Tech Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;2:175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson HG, Delpero W. Clinical evaluation of microform cleft lip surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;75:800–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tillis RT, Shah R, Martin HL, Allori AC, Marcus JR, Frank-Ito DO. A systematic analysis of surgical interventions for the airway in the mature unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity: a single case study. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-021-02396-z.

  • Timoney N, Smith G, Pigott RW. A 20 year audit of nose-tip symmetry in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Br J Plast Surg. 2001;54(4):294–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tosun Z, Hoşnuter M, Sentürk S, Savaci N. Reconstruction of microform cleft lip. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2003;37(4):232–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/02844310310016412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tovo AH, Prietsch JR, Collares MV. Tomographic assessment of bone formation after the collares technique of Gingivoperiosteoplasty in patients with cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2016;53(1):47–56. https://doi.org/10.1597/14-089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trauner R, Trauner M. Results of cleft lip operations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1967;40:209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trott JA, Mohan N. A preliminary report on open tip rhinoplasty at the time of lip repair in unilateral cleft lip and palate: the Alor Setar experience. Br J Plast Surg. 1993;46(5):363–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(93)90040-i.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tse R. Unilateral cleft lip: principles and practice of surgical management. Semin Plast Surg. 2012;26:145–55.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tse R, Lien S. Unilateral cleft lip repair using the anatomical subunit approximation: modifications and analysis of early results in 100 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136:119–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tse RW, Mercan E, Fisher DM, Hopper RA, Birgfeld CB, Gruss JS. Unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity: foundation-based approach to primary rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;144(5):1138–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tse RW, Knight R, Oestreich M, Rosser M, Mercan E. Unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity: three-dimensional analysis of the primary deformity and longitudinal changes following primary correction of the nasal foundation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145(1):185–99. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uzel A, Alparslan ZN. Long-term effects of presurgical infant orthopedics in patients with cleft lip and palate: a systematic review. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2011;48(5):587–95. https://doi.org/10.1597/10-008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Heijden P, Dijkstra PU, Stellingsma C, van der Laan BF, Korsten-Meijer AG, Goorhuis-Brouwer SM. Limited evidence for the effect of presurgical nasoalveolar molding in unilateral cleft on nasal symmetry: a call for unified research. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(1):62e–71e.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volk AS, Davis MJ, Dempsey RF, Masoumy M, Desai PK, Hubli E, Buchanan EP. A global evaluation of surgical techniques and results of unilateral cleft lip repairs. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(8):2276–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000006813.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YC, Liao YF, Chen PK. Outcome of gingivoperiosteoplasty for the treatment of alveolar clefts in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;51(7):650–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YC, Liao YF, Chen PK. Comparative outcomes of primary gingivoperiosteoplasty and secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(1):218–27. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000001897.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinfeld AB, Hollier LH, Spira M, Stal S. International trends in the treatment of cleft lip and palate. Clin Plast Surg. 2005;32(1):19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2004.08.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong GB, Burvin R, Mulliken JB. Resorbable internal splint: an adjunct to primary correction of unilateral cleft lip-nasal deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110(2):385–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200208000-00001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood RJ, Grayson BH, Cutting CB. Gingivoperiosteoplasty and midfacial growth. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1997;34(1):17–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods SM, Garfinkle JS, Covell DA, Wang M, Busch LS, Doyle LM. Early weight gain in infants with cleft lip and palate treated with and without nasoalveolar molding: a retrospective study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018;56(7):902–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn SK. Lateral flap cleft lip surgery technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1960;26:509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada T, Mori Y, Minami K, Mishima K, Sugahara T. Three-dimensional facial morphology, following primary cleft lip repair using the triangular flap with or without rotation advancement. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2002;30(6):337–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada T, Mori Y, Mishima K, Sugahara T. Nasolabial and alveolar morphology following presurgical orthopaedic treatment in complete unilateral clefts of lip, alveolus and palate. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2003;31(6):343–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi K, Lonic D, Lee CH, Yun C, Lo LJ. Modified Furlow Palatoplasty Using Small Double-Opposing Z-Plasty: Surgical Technique and Outcome. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(6):1825–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002181.

  • Yan H, Xu Y, Wei S, Pan YC, Wan LZ, Du Y, Wang Y. A novel classification of relationship between nasal septum and inferior turbinate associated with nasal airway obstruction in patients with unilateral alveolar cleft. J Craniofac Surg. 2021;32(2):496–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000007006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao CA, Mulliken JB. The unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity: revisions within 20 years after primary correction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021;147(6):1379–87. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000007998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yarholar LM, Shen C, Wangsrimongkol B, Cutting CB, Grayson BH, Staffenberg DA, Shetye PR, Flores RL. The nasoalveolar molding cleft protocol: long-term treatment outcomes from birth to facial maturity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021;147(5):787e–94e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000007828.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasonov SA, Lopatin AV, Kugushev AY. Primary rhinocheiloplasty: comparison of open and closed methods of alar cartilage reposition. Ann Maxillofac Surg. 2016;6(1):21–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0746.186139.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin N, Song T, Wu J, Chen B, Ma H, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Li H, Wu D. Unilateral microform cleft lip repair: application of muscle tension line group theory. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(2):343–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000001460.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura Y, Okumoto T, Iijima Y, Inoue Y. Reduced nasal growth after primary nasal repair combined with cleft lip surgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2015;68:e159–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuzuriha S, Mulliken JB. Minor-form, microform, and mini-microform cleft lip: anatomical features, operative techniques, and revisions. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(5):1485–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang RS, Lin LO, Hoppe IC, Jackson OA, Low DW, Bartlett SP, Swanson JW, Taylor JA. Nasal obstruction in children with cleft lip and palate: results of a cross-sectional study utilizing the NOSE scale. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2019;56(2):177–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1055665618772400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rafael Denadai .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Denadai, R., Lo, LJ. (2022). Current State of the Art in Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair with Primary Nasal Overcorrection: Lo’s Modified Noordhoff’s Procedure. In: Denadai, R., Lo, LJ. (eds) Current Concept in Cleft Surgery. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3163-5_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3163-5_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-19-3162-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-19-3163-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics