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The Baelo Claudia Tsunami Archive (SW Spain)—Archaeological Deposits of High-Energy Events

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Historical Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Archaeology in the Iberian Peninsula

Part of the book series: Natural Science in Archaeology ((ARCHAEOLOGY))

Abstract

Over the past decades, substantial progress has been made in tsunami research. Be that as it may, little is still known about tsunami deposits and their related depositional mechanisms in coastal areas in historical and archaeological contexts. In particular, the Phoenician, Greek and Roman trade and military networks along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts, with their cities, harbours and additional facilities, are susceptible to serving as archives for extreme wave events. The ruins of the Roman city of Baelo Claudia, located on the Bay of Bolonia Bay (southern Spain), offer a unique environment for studying historical tsunamis in the Gulf of Cadiz. Baelo Claudia suffered at least two earthquakes in Roman times, namely, in the first and fourth centuries CE. The latter, associated with a tsunami, led to the city’s destruction and subsequent decline. Accordingly, three tsunami deposits in Baelo Claudia, dated to ca. 4000 cal BP (2000 BCE), ca. 400 CE and 1755 CE, the last corresponding to the Lisbon tsunami, are described here. The multi-disciplinary research conducted on the sedimentary, archaeological and palaeontological records has revealed event deposits, together with major landscape changes in the environs of the bay after tsunami landfall. Furthermore, the significant archaeoseismic damage detected in recently excavated buildings has been dated to the end of the fourth-century CE. The results presented here serve to supplement the earthquake and tsunami record of coastal Iberia.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to German Science Foundation (DFG grant, RE 1361/28-1) and the MINECO-FEDER Spanish Research Project CGL2015-67169-P (QTECSPAIN-USAL) for their support. They would also like to thank Prof. Javier Gracia (University of Cadiz) for his thorough review of the manuscript. Furthermore, they express their gratitude to the BA and MA students at RWTH Aachen and Cologne University involved in the field- and lab work. Lastly, they are indebted to Dr Georgina King, Dr Melanie Bartz (both from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland) for the OSL dating, and to Prof. Manuel Álvarez-Martí-Aguilar (University of Malaga), Prof. Darío Bernal-Casasola (University of Cadiz) for their valuable comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neotectonics and Natural Hazards, Department of Geosciences and Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Klaus Reicherter, Lisa Feist, Cristina Val-Peón, Nicole Höbig, Margret Mathes-Schmidt, Joschka Röth, Christoph Cämmerer & Werner Kraus

  2. Instituto de Arqueología Y Patrimonio Histórico (INAPH), Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain

    Fernando Prados

  3. CEPOAT-Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    Helena Jiménez-Vialás

  4. Conjunto Arquelógico de Baelo Claudia (CABC), Agencia Andaluz de Instituciones Culturales, Ensenada de Bolonia, Tarifa, Cádiz, Spain

    Ivan García-Jiménez

  5. Research Group Environmental Archaeology, Institute of History, CSIC, Madrid, Spain

    José Antonio López-Sáez

  6. Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Simoni Alexiou

  7. Dpto. Geología, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ávila, Universidad Salamanca, Ávila, Spain

    Pablo G. Silva Barroso

  8. Institut AUSONIUS UMR 5607, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Pessac, France

    Laetitia Borau

  9. Department of Geosciences, Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

    Simon Matthias May & Helmut Brückner

  10. Institute of Geosciences, University of Jena, Jena, Germany

    Christoph Grützner

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  1. Department of Historical Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain

    Manuel Álvarez-Martí-Aguilar

  2. Department of Historical Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain

    Francisco Machuca Prieto

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Reicherter, K. et al. (2022). The Baelo Claudia Tsunami Archive (SW Spain)—Archaeological Deposits of High-Energy Events. In: Álvarez-Martí-Aguilar, M., Machuca Prieto, F. (eds) Historical Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Archaeology in the Iberian Peninsula. Natural Science in Archaeology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1979-4_13

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