Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Theory of Spare City Planning: For Temporary Use in Case of Emergency

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Disaster Management and City Planning

Part of the book series: New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives ((NFRSASIPER,volume 58))

  • 164 Accesses

Abstract

As a modern state, Japan started its attempts to protect Tokyo from great fires and build a capital comparable to capitals in Western countries in 1872. It started building a series of brick buildings in Ginza after a great fire burnt down Ginza, Kyobashi, and Tsukiji. This led to the establishment of an imperial order called the Tokyo City and Ward Improvement Ordinance in 1888. This was followed by the establishment of the old City Planning Act in 1919, which institutionalized the modern urban planning system in Japan.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Ken Dai. 1987. Urban Planning in the Meiji Period (Reference: November Issue).

  2. 2.

    Article 1 of the old City Planning Act: “In this law, city planning is defined as plans for important facilities which permanently maintain public security or enhance well-being with regard to transportation, hygiene, security, air defense, the economy and others. Such plans shall be implemented in cities or other municipalities designated by the responsible minister or shall be extended outside such areas.”

  3. 3.

    Kazumi Iinuma. The Idea of a City. The Committee for the Project for the 50th Anniversary of the City Planning Act and the Commemoration of the Establishment of a New Law, the City Planning Association of Japan, p. 61; Hiroshi Ikeda. Introduction to City Planning Laws, pp. 31–32, 73–74.

  4. 4.

    It is possible to revise or abolish a city plan after the plan has been established, if there are special circumstances such as conditions in the planning area have changed (Article 21, Section 1 of the City Planning Act).

  5. 5.

    The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Chronicle of Kobe Reconstruction (January 2000), Kobe City, p. 10.

  6. 6.

    Kobe City Disaster Management Plan (FY 1994), pp. 208–218, 279–291.

  7. 7.

    The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Chronicle of Kobe Reconstruction (January 2000), Kobe City, Diagram 5-2-1 (p. 94).

  8. 8.

    The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Chronicle of Kobe Reconstruction (January 2000), Kobe City, Diagram 5-2 (p. 95).

  9. 9.

    Uichi Noda 1963. The Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act: History and Description, the National Association of Disaster Prevention, p. 59.

  10. 10.

    Basic Disaster Management Plan (May 1971 revision), Chapter VI, Section 2, (b).

  11. 11.

    Emergency Action Plan of the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Fire and Disaster Management Agency (October 1980), Chapter IV, Section 4 (1) and (4).

  12. 12.

    Kobe City Disaster Management Plan (FY 1994), Chapter III, Section 15, pp. 208–218.

  13. 13.

    The Volume on Earthquake Countermeasures of the Kobe City Disaster Management Plan (FY 1994), Chapter II, Section 4, pp. 37–39.

  14. 14.

    The Levels of Relief to Be Provided, the Methods, Period and Compensation for Expenses under the Disaster Relief Act (May 1965), a notification issued by the administrative vice-minister of Health and Welfare, 1.1. (1). (b).

  15. 15.

    The Levels of Relief to Be Provided, the Methods, Period and Compensation for Expenses under the Disaster Relief Act (May 1965), 1.1. (1). (d).

  16. 16.

    The Levels of Relief to Be Provided, the Methods, Period and Compensation for Expenses under the Disaster Relief Act (May 1965), 1. The proviso of the main text.

  17. 17.

    Act on Special Measures concerning Countermeasures for Large-Scale Earthquakes, Article 3, Section 1, and Article 5, Section 1 and Section 2; the Order for Enforcement of the said law, Article 2, (1), (a) and (b).

  18. 18.

    Act on Special Measures concerning Countermeasures for Large-Scale Earthquakes, Article 6, Section 1, (2).

  19. 19.

    The Act on Special Measures concerning Earthquake Disaster Management that was established in June 1995 stipulates that a Five-Year Plan for an Earthquake Disaster Management Emergency Project should be created and the five-year plan should include the plan for evacuation areas and evacuation routes (Article 2 and Article 3 of the said law).

  20. 20.

    Basic Disaster Management Plan (June 1963), Chapter VI, Section 2 (d).

  21. 21.

    Basic Disaster Management Plan (July 1995), Vol. 2 The Volume on Earthquake Countermeasures, Chapter II, Section 5.

  22. 22.

    The term “temporary evacuation area” is used in Tokyo.

  23. 23.

    There were 175 fires in the period between 17th and 26th of January (The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Records of Kobe City 1995 (January 1996), the Kobe City Disaster Management Headquarters for the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, p. 32).

  24. 24.

    There were 116 aftershocks in the period between 17th and 26th of January (The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Records of Kobe City 1995 (January 1996), the Kobe City Disaster Management Headquarters for the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, p. 15).

  25. 25.

    The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Chronicle of Kobe Reconstruction (January 2000), Kobe City, pp. 309–313;The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Chronicle of Kobe Reconstruction, Vol. 2, Chapter IV. The Reconstruction Council (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters at the Prime Minister’s Office, pp. 407–412.

  26. 26.

    The Study Report on Fires in Built-up Areas of Kobe City in the South Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake (Bulletin) (March 1995), the National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, the Ministry of Home Affairs, p. 64.

  27. 27.

    The percentage of fire prevention districts out of the total area of central urban districts has increased.

  28. 28.

    For example, in Tokyo, Chiyoda City, Chuo City, and Minato City come under this category.

  29. 29.

    For example, in Tokyo, residential areas in Suginami and Setagaya come under this category.

  30. 30.

    The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Records of Kobe City 1995 (January 1996), the Kobe City Disaster Management Headquarters for the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, pp. 214–215.

  31. 31.

    Takashi Yokota, The Evacuation Range in Nada Ward, Studies on Local Evacuation Shelters in the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (January 1998), written and edited by Shiro Kashiwabara, Atsushi Ueno, and Takao Morita, Osaka University Press, pp. 67–78.

  32. 32.

    Disaster Relief Practice, the FY 1996 Version, the Public Assistance Division, the Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, pp. 86–87.

  33. 33.

    Theory and Practice for the Restoration of Life (Kazuyuki Nakagawa, Implementation of Life Assistance Measures), the Kobe Institute of Urban Research, pp. 26–31.

  34. 34.

    Disaster Relief Practice, the FY 1996 Version, the Public Assistance Division, the Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, p. 86. When the law was first established, temporary housing was defined as “very simplified housing equivalent to a temporary shed.”

  35. 35.

    The number of buildings includes clinics and buildings to accommodate the sick and wounded in addition to housing.

  36. 36.

    Study of Cases and the Necessity of Temporary Urban Districts (April 2003), the Study Group on Temporary Urban Districts and the Capital Region Comprehensive Planning Institute Co., Ltd., pp. 6–8.

  37. 37.

    Study of Cases and the Necessity of Temporary Urban Districts (April 2003), the Study Group on Temporary Urban Districts and the Capital Region Comprehensive Planning Institute Co., Ltd., p. 3.

  38. 38.

    The chronology was created based on the following documents: The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Chronicle of Reconstruction, the Secretariat of the Hanshin, and Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters at the Prime Minister’s Office; The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Chronicle of Kobe Reconstruction, Kobe City; The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Records of Kobe City, January 1996, Kobe City; The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Records of Restoration of Life in Kobe, the Life Restoration Headquarters, Kobe City; and The Records of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the Housing Bureau, Kobe City.

  39. 39.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Permanent Measures, Chapter I. Housing Measures: Emergency Housing, p. 3 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters at the Prime Minister’s Office.

  40. 40.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 11, Part 1, The Special Command Office (1) for January, pp. 32–33 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters at the Prime Minister’s Office.

  41. 41.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Permanent Measures, Chapter I. Housing Measures: Emergency Housing, pp. 12–43, 55–59 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters at the Prime Minister’s Office.

  42. 42.

    Disaster Relief Practice, the FY 1996 Version, the Public Assistance Division, the Social Welfare and War Victims’ Relief Bureau, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, p. 86.

  43. 43.

    The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Five-Year Records of Restoration of Life in Kobe (March 2000), the Life Restoration Headquarters, Kobe City, p. 44.

  44. 44.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Chapter I. Emergency Housing, p. 3 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters at the Prime Minister’s Office.

  45. 45.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Chapter I. Emergency Housing, p. 4 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters at the Prime Minister’s Office.

  46. 46.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Chapter I. Housing Measures: Emergency Housing, p. 3 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters at the Prime Minister’s Office.

  47. 47.

    Based on an interview with the person responsible at the time.

  48. 48.

    The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Five-Year Records of Restoration of Life in Kobe (March 2000), the Life Restoration Headquarters, Kobe City, p. 47; The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, The Chronicle of Kobe Reconstruction (January 2000), Kobe City, p. 141.

  49. 49.

    Revival of Towns and Homes (March 1997), the Urban Housing Department, Hyogo Prefecture, p. 43.

  50. 50.

    The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Five-Year Records of Restoration of Life in Kobe (March 2000), the Life Restoration Headquarters, Kobe City, p. 47.

  51. 51.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Permanent Measures, Chapter I. Housing Measures: Emergency Housing, p. 86 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters.

  52. 52.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Permanent Measures, Chapter I. Housing Measures: Emergency Housing, p. 85 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters.

  53. 53.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Permanent Measures, Chapter I. Housing Measures: Emergency Housing, p. 88, the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters.

  54. 54.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Permanent Measures, Chapter I. Housing Measures: Emergency Housing, p. 86 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters.

  55. 55.

    Records of the Public Welfare Department at the Kobe City Disaster Management Headquarters, the Public Welfare Bureau, Kobe City, p. 245.

  56. 56.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Permanent Measures, Chapter I. Housing Measures: Emergency Housing, p. 120 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters.

  57. 57.

    The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Five-Year Records of Restoration of Life in Kobe (March 2000), the Life Restoration Headquarters, Kobe City, p. 47.

  58. 58.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Chapter I. Emergency Housing, p. 3 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters, the Prime Minister’s Office.

  59. 59.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 1, Part 1, The Special Command Office (1) for January, p. 6; Vol. 2, Part 4, Chapter I. Emergency Housing, p. 5 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters.

  60. 60.

    Based on an interview with the person responsible at the time.

  61. 61.

    Materials on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Vol. 2, Part 4, Chapter I. Emergency Housing, p. 11 (March 1999), the Secretariat of the Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Measures Headquarters.

  62. 62.

    Based on an interview with the person responsible at the time.

  63. 63.

    Kobe City Disaster Management Council, FY1994 Kobe City Local Disaster Management Plan: Main Part, p. 259.

  64. 64.

    ditto: Earthquake Countermeasures Part, p. 77.

  65. 65.

    Secretariat of Headquarters for Reconstruction of Hanshin-Awaji Area, Prime Minister’s Office, February 2000. Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai Fukkoshi (Record of recovery from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake) p. 13.

  66. 66.

    Disaster Management Basic Plan (July 1995): Section 2: Jinsokuna Genjo Fukkyu no Susumekata 2 (Method to promote the quick recovery of original condition 2), Chapter 3: Saigai Fukkyu/Fukko (Disaster Recovery/Reconstruction), Part II: Shinsai Taisaku Hen (Earthquake Countermeasures).

  67. 67.

    Kobe City Local Disaster Management Plan (June 1997): Okyu Taisaku Keikaku: Haikibutsu Shori Keikaku, 12-4: Saigaihaikibutsu Shori Shisutemu (Emergency Plan: Waste Management Plan, 12-4: Disaster Waste Management System), Shinsai Taisaku Hen (Earthquake Countermeasures).

  68. 68.

    After the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, among the ordinance-designated cities, Chiba City and Kawasaki City incorporated provisions concerning debris control in their Local Disaster Management Plans, and Kyoto City included the same in its Disaster Debris Control Plan.

  69. 69.

    Mori, A. (ed.), June 1969. “Yokohama Sanpo (Zoho Kaiteiban)” (Strolling around Yokohama (Revised and Supplemented) p. 101.

  70. 70.

    Secretariat of Headquarters for Reconstruction of Hanshin-Awaji Area, Prime Minister’s Office, March 1999. Part 1: Tokumeishitsu Kankei (1) Ichigatsu bun (Issues related to the Special Office (1): January), Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai Kankei Shiryo Vol. 1 (Documents related to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Vol. 1), p. 128.

  71. 71.

    ditto: Part II: Kinkyu Taisaku Gareki (Emergency Measures for Debris Control), p. 2.

  72. 72.

    The organization was established under the Office of the Minister of State Sadatoshi Ozato who was appointed as the Minister of State for Disaster Management of the Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake on January 20. It was composed of 30 officials of the National Land Agency and various other ministries and agencies.

  73. 73.

    Secretariat of Headquarters for Reconstruction of Hanshin-Awaji Area, Prime Minister’s Office, March 1999. Part 1: Tokumeishitsu Kankei (1) Ichigatsu bun (Issues related to the Special Office (1): January), Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai Kankei Shiryo Vol. 1 (Documents related to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Vol. 1), p. 91.

  74. 74.

    ditto: Part II: Kinkyu Taisaku Gareki (Emergency Measures for Debris Control), pp. 27–28.

  75. 75.

    Secretariat of Headquarters for Reconstruction of Hanshin-Awaji Area, Prime Minister’s Office, March 1999. Part II: Kinkyu Taisaku Gareki (Emergency Measures for Debris Control), Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai Kankei Shiryo Vol. 1 (Documents related to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Vol. 1), p. 7.

  76. 76.

    Secretariat of Headquarters for Reconstruction of Hanshin-Awaji Area, Prime Minister’s Office, March 1999. Part II: Kinkyu Taisaku Gareki (Emergency Measures for Debris Control), Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai Kankei Shiryo Vol. 1 (Documents related to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Vol. 1), p. 8.

  77. 77.

    Secretariat of Headquarters for Reconstruction of Hanshin-Awaji Area, Prime Minister’s Office, March 1999. Part 1: Tokumeishitsu Kankei (7) Sangatsu Gejun (Issues related to the Special Office (7): Late March), Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai Kankei Shiryo Vol. 1 (Documents related to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Vol. 1), p. 93.

  78. 78.

    Secretariat of Headquarters for Reconstruction of Hanshin-Awaji Area, Prime Minister’s Office, March 1999. Part II: Kinkyu Taisaku Gareki (Emergency Measures for Debris Control), Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai Kankei Shiryo Vol. 1 (Documents related to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Vol. 1), p. 6.

  79. 79.

    Secretariat of Headquarters for Reconstruction of Hanshin-Awaji Area, Prime Minister’s Office, March 1999. Chapter 3: Fukko Iinkai, Hanshin-Awaji Fukko Iinkai (Reconstruction Committee, Hanshin-Awaji Reconstruction Committee), Part IV Kokyu Taisaku (Permanent Measures), Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai Kankei Shiryo Vol. 2 (Documents related to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Vol. 2), pp. 449, 452.

  80. 80.

    ditto: Chapter 2: Fukko Honbu (Headquarters for Reconstruction), Part IV Kokyu Taisaku (Permanent Measures), p. 215.

  81. 81.

    Secretariat of Headquarters for Reconstruction of Hanshin-Awaji Area, Prime Minister’s Office, March 1999. Part II: Kinkyu Taisaku Gareki (Emergency Measures for Debris Control), Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai Kankei Shiryo Vol. 1 (Documents related to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Vol. 1), p. 12.

  82. 82.

    Environment Department, Kobe Municipal Office, March 1998. Progress Report on Disaster Debris Control Project, pp. 69 – 70.

  83. 83.

    ditto, p. 40.

  84. 84.

    ditto, p. 46.

  85. 85.

    ditto, pp. 53–54.

  86. 86.

    Secretariat of Headquarters for Reconstruction of Hanshin-Awaji Area, Prime Minister’s Office, March 1999. Part II: Kinkyu Taisaku Gareki (Emergency Measures for Debris Control), Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai Kankei Shiryo Vol. 1 (Documents related to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Vol. 1), p.24.

  87. 87.

    Building Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, March 1996. “A Survey Report for Building Damages Due to the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu Earthquake (Summary),” p.7.

  88. 88.

    If the number of causalities can be estimated based on the number of totally destroyed houses, this will enable the immediate dispatch of police, firefighters, and the SDF, who engage in lifesaving as part of their emergency activities, to sites.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tokyo, Japan

    Yasuhisa Mitsui

Authors
  1. Yasuhisa Mitsui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mitsui, Y. (2022). Theory of Spare City Planning: For Temporary Use in Case of Emergency. In: Disaster Management and City Planning. New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, vol 58. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1808-7_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation