Abstract
The long periods of Sabaean Mandaeans, an ethnic-religios community, co-existing among the Iranian major Shia communities have had profound impacts on the Iranian Mandaeans’ concepts and practices of faith. Since the impacts are historically rooted, they exert an assimilating effect on the very impression of the Iranian Mandaeans about foundations of their long-standing conviction, their manners of performing devotional rituals, and their regular conventions as picking up the names and dressing. This chapter seeks to analyze the extent of proximities between the Mandaean religion—as performed by its Iranian adherents—and the Iranian Shia Muslims’ religiosities. In addition, this chapter evaluates the theological grounds and ethnological incentives of Mandaean-Shia approximation. After investigating manifold canonical evidence, historiographical reports, and field-based observations, this chapter demonstrates the ultimate implausibility of any attempt to characterize a Mandaean tradition which is undiluted by Shia Muslim inspirations.
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Notes
- 1.
Charles G Häberl, “Mandaeism in Antiquity and the Antiquity of Mandaeism,” Religion Compass 6, no. 5 (2012): 262–276.
- 2.
Ethel S. Drower and Rudolf Macuch, A Mandaic dictionary (1963), 7.
- 3.
Dirk Kruisheer, “Theodore bar Koni’s Ktābā d-’Eskolyon as a Source for the Study of Early Mandaeism,” Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap “Ex Oriente Lux” (Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society “Ex Oriente Lux”) 33 (1993): 158–167.
- 4.
Sabah Aldihisi, “The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba” (PhD diss., University of London, 2008), 2.
- 5.
Edwin M Yamauchi, “The Present Status of Mandaean Studies.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 25, no. 2 (1966): 91–93.
- 6.
Hussain Abbasi, Hamid Ahmadian, Sayyid Mohammad Reza, and Narges Ganji. “Yahya and Isa between Mythology and Histori: Reading in Religious Texts and Mandaean Poetry Abdul Razzaq abdul Wahed and Lameai Abbas Omara Two Models.” Kufa Al-Adab Journal 11, no. 40 (2019): 18.
- 7.
Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley, “Why Once Is Not Enough: Mandaean Baptism (Maṣbuta) as an Example of a Repeated Ritual,” History of religions 29, no. 1 (1989): 28.
- 8.
Hussain Abbasi, Hamid Ahmadian, Sayyid Mohammadreza ibn al-Rasul. “Invoking Personality of al-Hussain (pbuh) and Hurr al-Riyahi in the Poetry of Sabaean Mandaeans.” Thi Qar Arts Journal 20, no. 1 (2016): 29 6–302.
- 9.
Beitmanda, 21 March 2014, http://www.beitmanda.com/mahname/sal93/MAHNAME152.PDF
- 10.
Hossein-Ali al-Montazeri, Studies in Wilayat al-Faqih and Jurisprudence of the Islamic State: Vol. 3, (Qom: Dar al-fikr, 1995), 39 2–412.
- 11.
Al-Sayyid Ali al-Khamenei, “Discussion on Sabaeans.” Journal of Ahl al-Bayt Jurisprudence, no. 4 (1996), 1 9–48.
- 12.
Edmundo Lupieri: The Mandaeans: the last Gnostics (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001), 39.
- 13.
Kurt Rudolph, Dennis C. Duling, and John Modschiedler, “Problems of a History of the Development of the Mandaean Religion,” History of Religions 8, no. 3 (1969): 211.
- 14.
Kurt Rudolph, Theogonie, Kosmogonie, und Anthropogonie in den mandäischen Schriften (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1965), 342, quoted in Jennifer Hart, “The Mandaeans, a people of the book? An examination of the influence of Islam on the development of Mandaean literature” (PhD diss., Indiana University, 2010), 7.
- 15.
Nasoraia Hathem, Saed. “Nasiruta: Deep Knowledge and Extraordinary Priestcraft in Mandaean Religion.” Sydney Studies in Religion (2008): 317.
- 16.
Beitmanda, April & May 2014, http://www.beitmanda.com/mahname/sal93/MAHNAME153_154.PDF
- 17.
Saheeh International. “The Holy Qur’an: Arabic text with corresponding English meanings.” (1997): 64.
- 18.
Tarmida Sam Zahrouni, interview by author, Ahvaz, October 2016.
- 19.
Lady Ethel Stefana Drower. Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran (Brill Archive, 1937), 3.
- 20.
Mundhir Al-Hayik, Prophet Yahya’s Books: A Comparative Study (Damascus: Safahat House for Studies and Publishing, 2017), 11.
- 21.
Salim Berenji, The Forgotten People: An Inquiry on Sabaean Mandaean Community (Tehran: Donya-ye ketab Publication, 1988), 7 1–80.
- 22.
Abbasi, “Yahya and Isa between Mythology and Histori,” 1 1–50.
- 23.
Saheeh International. “The Holy Qur’an,” 49.
- 24.
Mark Lidzbarski, Das Johannesbuch der Mandäer (Giessen: Töpelmann, 1915), 110–111 quoted in Hart, “The Mandaeans, a people of the book?,” 236.
- 25.
Abbasi, “Invoking Personality of al-Hussain (pbuh),” 30 7–308.
- 26.
Robert Brym, Intellectuals and Politics (Routledge Revivals) (Routledge, 2010), 4.
- 27.
Abbasi, “Yahya and Isa between Mythology and Histori,” 3 1–41.
- 28.
Abbasi, “Invoking Personality of al-Hussain (pbuh),” 315.
- 29.
Hussain Abbasi, interview by author, Ahvaz, October 2016.
- 30.
Jorunn J Buckley, “Conversion and other VIIITH century community issues in Mandaeism,” Le muséon 121, no. 3–4 (2008): 286.
- 31.
Masood Foroozandeh, An Inquiry on the Religion of Sabaean Mandaeans: Enyani (Tehran: Ibn Sina Research Institute, 2000- Digital PDF Format), 5 4–59. My English translation of this passage is based on Berenjie’s transliteration (Mandaean-Farsi) of the authentic scripture: Salim Berenjie, ”Untitled Album,” 3 April, 2019, https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=2103385569753427&set=a.2103380983087219
- 32.
Ethel S. Drower and Rudolf Macuch, A Mandaic dictionary (1963), 410.
- 33.
Salim Berenjie, “Untitled Album.”
- 34.
Mehrdad Arabestani, “The Mandaeans’ Religious System: From Mythos to Logos”, Iran and the Caucasus 20, no. 3–4 (2016): 272.
- 35.
Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley, The Mandaeans: Ancient texts and modern people (Oxford University Press on Demand, 2002), 49–56.
- 36.
Mandaean Associations Union, “The genocides to which Mandaeans have historically been exposed, 5 April, 2013, http://www.mandaeanunion.org/ar/history/item/265-genocides-mandean-throughout-history
- 37.
Mohammad Kiyanush Rad (former representative of Ahvaz people in the Iranian Parliament), interview by author, Tehran, October 2016.
- 38.
Muhammad Abd al-Hamid al-Hamad, Sabaeans of Harran and Monotheistic Druz (Damascus: Dar al-taliah al-jadidah, 2004), 21.
- 39.
Hart, “The Mandaeans, a people of the book?” 5 2–53.
- 40.
For instance, look at: Ahmad al-Biladuri, Futuh al-Buldan (Beirut: Al-Maaref Institution of Publishing, 1987), 23 8–239.
- 41.
Charles G Häberl, “Dissimulation or Assimilation? The Case of the Mandæans,” Numen 60, no. 5–6 (2013): 594–597.
- 42.
Salim Berenjie, ”In reply to Vafakhah”, 1 April 2017, https://www.facebook.com/salim.berenjie/posts/1300448520047140
- 43.
Mehrdad Arabestani, “Sabaean Mandaeans and Their Changing World,” Iranian Journal of Anthropology Research 9, no. 1 (2019): 44.
- 44.
Seyla Benhabib, Ian Shapiro, and Danilo Petranovich, eds, Identities, affiliations, and allegiances (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 307.
- 45.
Mehrdad Arabestani, “The Mandaean Identity Challenge: From Religious Symbolism to Secular Policies,” Adelaide (2010).
- 46.
Hussain Abbasi, interview by author, Ahvaz, October 2016.
- 47.
Hart, “The Mandaeans, a people of the book?” 203.
- 48.
Islamic Republic News Agency, “Meeting of the president’s special deputy with members of the Sabaean Mandaean Association,” 22 December 2019, www.irna.ir/news/81889989/
- 49.
Arabestani, “Sabaean Mandaeans and Their Changing World,” 36.
- 50.
The Initial Monotheistic Faith, “Rights of Mandaeans in the southern Iran: Ahvaz,” 19 September 2015, https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=755604161218002&id=542787672499653
- 51.
Beitmanda, “Monthly Bulletin of Iranian Mandaeans,” March 2014 to August 2020, http://www.beitmanda.com/
- 52.
Süleyman Demirci, “The Iranian revolution and Shia Islam: The role of Islam in the Iranian revolution,” International Journal of History Studies 5, no. 3 (2013): 37–48.
- 53.
Beitmanda, 2014 to 2020, http://www.beitmanda.com/
- 54.
Christina A. Sue and Edward E. Telles, “Assimilation and gender in naming,” American Journal of Sociology 112, no. 5 (2007): 1409.
- 55.
Škanda Fayez Zahrouni (Mandaean religious acolyte), interview by author, Ahvaz, October 2016.
- 56.
Azam Torab, “Conditional Gifts for the Saints: “Gift” and “Commodity” as Gender Metaphors in Shi’a Ritual Practices in Iran,” In Women, Religion, and the Gift, pp. 139–157. Springer, Cham, 2017.
- 57.
Tarmida Sam Zahrouni, interview by author, Ahvaz, October 2016.
- 58.
Hussain Abbasi, interview by author, Ahvaz, October 2016.
- 59.
Kamran Scot Aghaie, The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi’i symbols and rituals in modern Iran (No.13. University of Washington Press, 2004), 3–14.
- 60.
Tarmida Zahrouni (an Iranian Mandaean priest residing Australia), telephone interview by author, September 2020.
- 61.
Torab, “Conditional Gifts for the Saints,” 139–157.
- 62.
Abbasi, “Invoking Personality of al-Hussain (pbuh),” 30 4–305.
- 63.
Scot Aghaie, The Martyrs of Karbala, 89.
- 64.
Imran Nazar Hosein, The Importance of the Prohibition of Riba in Islam, Masjid Dar al-Qur’an, 1997.
- 65.
For instance, see Al-Sheikh al-Mofid, Al-Irshad in the Introduction of Hajj Allah Ali Al-Ebad: Vol. 3 (Beirut: Al al-Bait Institute li-ihya al-toras, 2008), 132.
- 66.
Dave van Zoonen, and Khogir Wirya, “The Sabean-Mandaeans,” (2017): 8.
- 67.
van Zoonen and Wirya: 8.
- 68.
Richard K. Wolf, “Embodiment and ambivalence: emotion in South Asian Muharram drumming, “Yearbook for Traditional Music” 32 (2000): 89.
- 69.
UmmeSalma Mujtaba Husein, “A phenomenological study of Arbaeen foot pilgrimage in Iraq,” Tourism Management Perspectives 26 (2018): 9–19.
- 70.
Mujtaba Husein: 9–19.
- 71.
Mehr News Agency, “Chazabeh border, 15 days before Arbaeen pilgrimage,” October 4, 2019, en.mehrnews.com/photo/150798/
- 72.
Mehr News Agency, “Contribution of Sabaeans in the Arbaeen occasion,” 18 November 2016, mehrnews.com/xGx5C
- 73.
Mohammad Hamid al-Salman, “The Historical Path of the Arbaeen Pilgrimage—the Emergence and Development,” Alssebt Journal 5, no. 2 (2019): 404.
- 74.
Maalim Abdul Kareem Al-Obaidi, “The Linguistic and Cultural Situation among the Sabian Mandaeans in Baghdad: A Sociolinguistic Study.” PhD diss., Middle East University, 2017: 70.
- 75.
Drower, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, 167.
- 76.
Iman Amirteimour, “The Iranian Children of Adam,” Master’s thesis, 2017.
- 77.
Beitmanda, Descember 2019, http://www.beitmanda.com/mahname/sal98/MAHNAME221.PDF
- 78.
For a detailed description of these terms, look at Ingvild Flaskerud, Visualizing belief and piety in Iranian Shiism (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010).
- 79.
Buckley, The Mandaeans, 43.
- 80.
Sumarman Muhammad Djar’ie and Zaenuddin Hudi Prasojo, “Religion, Culture, and Local Wisdom in the Death Ritual of Pontianak Malay Society,” Al Albab: Borneo Journal of Religious Studies 4 (2015): 213.
- 81.
Lady Drower, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, 182.
- 82.
Tarmida Sam Zahrouni, interview by author, Ahvaz, October 2016.
- 83.
Iqna, “The clothless seminarist: a challenge for identity and status of [religious] propagation,” 29 September 2018, https://iqna.ir/00FjY8
- 84.
Charles Häberl, The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr. (Vol. 45. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009), 18–19.
- 85.
Gilles De Rapper, “The Vakëf: sharing religious space in Albania,” Sharing Sacred Spaces in the Mediterranean (2012): 44.
- 86.
Henk Driessen, “A Jewish-Muslin Shrine in North Morocco Echoes of an Ambiguous Past,” Sharing Sacred Spaces in the Mediterranean: Christians, Muslims, and Jews at Shrines and Sanctuaries (2012): 146.
- 87.
Robert A Yelle, Semiotics of religion: Signs of the sacred in history (A&C Black, 2012), 6–12.
- 88.
Bruce Ellis Benson and Norman Wirzba, eds. The phenomenology of prayer (No. 46. Fordham Univ Press, 2005), 13–31.
- 89.
Driessen, Sharing Sacred Spaces in the Mediterranean, 142.
- 90.
Charles G Häberl, “Dissimulation or Assimilation?,” 594.
- 91.
Iman Amirteimour, “The Iranian Children of Adam”: 38–39.
- 92.
Michael Amaladoss, “Imaginary and Inter-faith dialogue,” HORIZONTE-Revista de Estudos de Teologia e Ciências da Religião (2017): 11–17.
- 93.
Sandrine Keriakos, “Apparitions of the Virgin in Egypt: Improving relations between Copts and Muslims?” Sharing Sacred Spaces in the Mediterranean: Christians, Muslims, and Jews at Shrines and Sanctuaries (2012): 174–201.
- 94.
Keriakos, “Apparitions of the Virgin in Egypt,” 174–201.
- 95.
Tarmida Zahrouni (an Iranian Mandaean priest residing Australia), telephone interview by author, September 2020.
- 96.
Fayez Mandaei, “Mawkib of the Iranian Sabaean Mandaeans …,” 1 November 2017, https://www.facebook.com/100001596085785/videos/1577754742287713/?extid=J0TJX2dnn9I5n4Wi
- 97.
- 98.
Abbasi, “Invoking Personality of al-Hussain (pbuh),” 30 4–305.
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Interviews
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Mohammad Kiyanush Rad, interviewer: Iman Amirteimour, Tehran, October 2016, Personal archive of the author.
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Tarmida Zahrouni (Australia), interviewer: Iman Amirteimour, telephone interview, September 2020.
Tarmida Sam Zahrouni, interviewer: Iman Amirteimour, Ahvaz, October 2016, Personal archive of th
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Amirteimour, I. (2023). An Islamized Mandaeism: Examining the Impacts of Shia Muslims on the Religionism of the Iranian Mandaeans. In: Hosseini, S.B. (eds) Ethnic Religious Minorities in Iran. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1633-5_8
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