Abstract
As the key player in the game surrounding the North Pole, the United States has made a series of adjustments to its Arctic policy from the Second World War and through the Cold War to the present. The strategic significance of the Arctic to the United States is currently increasing amidst simultaneous tensions with China and Russia. The three countries, which form a New Arctic Strategic Triangle and are now experiencing the coldest period of their relations since the end of the Cold War, will continue to play a fierce game in the freezing Arctic Ocean.
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Notes
- 1.
Sheng, L., & do Nascimento, D. F. (2021b). Love and trade war: China and US in historical context. Springer.
- 2.
Sheng, L. (2014a). Capital controls and international development: A theoretical reconsideration. Global Policy, 5(1), 114–120.
- 3.
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Sheng, L., Li, T., & Wang, J. (2017). Tourism and externalities in an urban context: Theoretical model and empirical evidence. Cities, 70, 40–45.
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Yin, Y. C., & Sheng, L. (2021). Theorizing about global imbalances: An inequality perspective. Argumenta Oeconomica, 46, 169–181.
- 6.
Sheng, L., & do Nascimento, D. F. (2021b). Love and trade war: China and the US in historical context. Springer.
- 7.
Huebert, R. (2009). United States Arctic policy: The reluctant Arctic power. University of Calgary, The School of Public Policy–University of Calgary Publications Series, 2(2).
- 8.
Haycox, S. (2020). Arctic policy of the United States: An historical survey. In The Palgrave handbook of Arctic policy and politics (pp. 233–250). Palgrave Macmillan.
- 9.
Huebert, R. (2009). United States arctic policy: The reluctant arctic power. University of Calgary, The School of Public Policy–University of Calgary Publications Series, 2(2).
- 10.
Nilsson, A. E. (2018). The United States and the making of an Arctic nation. Polar Record, 54(2), 95–107.
- 11.
Sheng, L. (2021). How Covid-19 reshapes new world order: Political economy perspective. Springer.
- 12.
Käpylä, J., & Mikkola, H. (2019). Contemporary Arctic meets world politics: Rethinking Arctic exceptionalism in the age of uncertainty. In The Global Arctic Handbook (pp. 153–169). Springer.
- 13.
Lavorio, A. (2021). Geography, climate change, national security: The case of the evolving US Arctic strategy. The International Spectator, 56(1), 111–125.
- 14.
United States Navy. (2019). Strategic outlook for Arctic, 14.
- 15.
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- 16.
Ibid.
- 17.
Mariia, K. (2019). China’s Arctic policy: Present and future. The Polar Journal, 9(1), 94–112.
- 18.
Allison, G. (2018, December 14). China and Russia: A strategic alliance in the making. The Center for the National Interest.
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- 27.
The Biden plan for a clean energy revolution and environmental justice. Biden & Harris.
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- 35.
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- 38.
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Peng, J., & Wegge, N. (2015). China's bilateral diplomacy in the Arctic. Polar Geography, 38(3), 233–249.
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Sheng, L. (2014b). Economic structure, cost outsourcing and global imbalances. Journal of Australian Political Economy, 74, 81–95.
- 42.
Sheng, L. (2015). Theorizing income inequality in the face of financial globalization. The Social Science Journal, 52(3), 415–424.
- 43.
Bouffard, T., Greaves, W., Lackenbauer, P. W., & Teeple, N. (2020). North American Arctic security expectations in a new US administration. NAADSN Strategic Perspectives, 23.
- 44.
Conley, H. A., Tsafos, N., & Williams, I. (2020). America's Arctic moment: Great power competition in the Arctic to 2050. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
- 45.
Heurlin, B. (2019). China-US confrontations in the Arctic region: Strategies and policies. Asian Studies International Journal, 1(1), 8–15.
- 46.
United States Navy. (2019). Strategic outlook for Arctic, 14.
- 47.
Pompeo, M. R. (2019). Looking north: Sharpening America’s Arctic focus. US Department of State, 6.
- 48.
Antsygina, E., Heininen, L. L. M., & Komendantova, N. (2020). A comparative study on the cooperation in the Arctic Ocean and the South China Sea. In The Arctic. Current issues and challenges (pp. 83–107).
- 49.
Patey, L. (2020). Managing US-China rivalry in the Arctic: Small states can be players in great power competition. Danish Institute for International Studies.
- 50.
Kruse, S., & Winther, L. (2019, December 10). Banned recording reveals China ambassador threatened Faroese leader at secret meeting. Berlingske.
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Saxena, A. (2021, March 19). The return of Great power competition to the Arctic. The Arctic Institute.
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Brady, A.-M. (2019). Facing up to China’s military interests in the Arctic. China Brief, 19(21).
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Tillman, H., Yang, J., & Nielsson, E. T. (2018). The polar silk road: China’s new frontier of international cooperation. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(3), 345–362.
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Li, J. Y. (2020). The change of Western cognition of “the Belt and Road” and China's guiding strategy. Modern Economics & Management Forum.
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- 56.
Han, Z., & Paul, T. V. (2020). China’s rise and balance of power politics. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 13(1), 1–26.
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Parepa, L. A. (2020). The Belt and Road Initiative as continuity in Chinese foreign policy. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 9(2), 175–201.
- 58.
Rolland, N. (2017). China's “Belt and road initiative”: Underwhelming or game-changer?. The Washington Quarterly, 40(1), 127–142.
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Li, M. (2020b). The Belt and Road Initiative: geo-economics and Indo-Pacific security competition. International Affairs, 96(1), 169–187.
- 60.
Len, C. (2015). China's 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiative, energy security and SLOC access. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, 11(1), 1–18.
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Myers, L. (2021, July 20). Internal politics, instability, and China’s frustrated efforts to escape the “Malacca Dilemma”. Wilson Center.
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Sheng, E.L. (2022). Participation in and Strategic Arrangements for Arctic Affairs by the United States: Seeking Collective Security in a New Era. In: Arctic Opportunities and Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1246-7_5
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