Abstract
Drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) processes generate wastes in the form of residual wastewaters and sludges. The quality of the wastes generated is dependent on the characteristics of the source of raw water. Generally, groundwater contains higher metal(loid) concentrations than surface water due to its contact with rocks and minerals, whereas surface waters contain more organics. The use of raw groundwater may cause a magnification of metal(loid)s such as arsenic (As) and iron (Fe) in residual wastewater from WTPs, making disposal problematic. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of residual wastewaters prior to their release to the receptor water. This research evaluated the effectiveness of a Waste Stabilization Pond (WSP) system in treatment of As and Fe in residual wastewaters of a DWTP in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. The WSP system consists of a series of five ponds designed to settle out and oxidize contaminants. Iron and As concentrations across the individual ponds were measured on daily and monthly bases and the effectiveness of the pond system for reducing suspended and dissolved metal(loid)s was evaluated. The concentration of Fe reliably decreased for the first three ponds, before increasing in the final two Ponds. The As concentration generally increased from Ponds 1 through 3, decreased in Pond 4, and increased in Pond 5. Environmental guidelines for As concentrations are typically exceeded in the WSP effluents and individual ponds, while Fe concentrations currently meet guidelines for all ponds in the WSP system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bury NR, Boyle D, Cooper CA (2012) Iron. In: Wood CM, Farrell AP, Brauner CJ (eds) Homeostasis and toxicology of essential metals. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 201–251
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) (2001) Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: arsenic. Canadian council of ministers of the environment, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Climate-Data.org (2015) Saskatchewan climate. August 9. https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/canada/saskatchewan/
Deng T, Wu Y, Yu X, Guo Y, Chen Y, Belzile N (2014) Seasonal variations of arsenic at the sediment–water interface of Poyang Lake, China. Appl Geochem 47(C):170–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.06.002
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) (2019) Canadian environmental protection act, 1999 federal environmental quality guidelines. Environment and Climate Change Canada
Gammons CH, Grant TM, Nimick DA, Parker SR, DeGrandpre MD (2007) Diel changes in water chemistry in an arsenic-rich stream and treatment-pond system. Sci Total Environ 384(1):433–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.06.029
Handley KM, Mcbeth JM, Charnock JM, Vaughan DJ, Wincott PL, Polya DA, Lloyd JR (2013) Effect of iron redox transformations on arsenic solid-phase associations in an arsenic-rich, ferruginous hydrothermal sediment. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 102:124–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.10.024
Khatri N, Tyagi S, Rawtani D (2017) Recent strategies for the removal of iron from water: a review. J Water Process Eng 19:291–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.08.015
Linton TK, Pacheco MAW, Mcintyre DO, Clement WH, Goodrich-Mahoney J (2007) Development of bioassessment-based benchmarks for iron. Environ Toxicol Chem 26(6):1291–1298
Litter MI, Ingallinella AM, Olmos V, Savio M, Difeo G, Botto L, Torres EMF, Taylor S, Frangie S, Herkovits J, Schalamuk I, González MJ, Berardozzi E (2019) Arsenic in Argentina: technologies for arsenic removal from groundwater sources, investment costs and waste management practices. Sci Total Environ 690:778–789
Litter MI, Morgada ME, Bundschuh J (2010) Possible treatments for arsenic removal in Latin American waters for human consumption. Environ Poll 158(5):1105–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.01.028
Lloyd BJ, Leitner AR, Vorkas CA, Guganesharajah RK (2003) Under-performance evaluation and rehabilitation strategy for waste stabilization ponds in Mexico. Water Sci Technol 48(2):35–43
National Research Council (US) Committee on Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants (1977) Arsenic: medical and biologic effects of environmental pollutants. National Academies Press, Washington
Nimick DA, Cleasby TE, McCleskey RB (2005) Seasonality of diel cycles of dissolved trace-metal concentrations in a rocky mountain stream. Environ Geol 47(5):603–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1178-x
Nimick DA, Gammons CH, Cleasby TE, Madison JP, Skaar D, Brick CM (2003) Diel cycles in dissolved metal concentrations in streams: occurrence and possible causes. Water Resour Res 39(9):1247–1264. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001571
Shen H (2015) Cold regions science and marine technology. EOLSS Publishers Company Limited, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
Sun Q, Ding S, Wang Y, Xu LV, Wang D, Chen J, Zhang C (2016) In-Situ characterization and assessment of arsenic mobility in lake sediments. Environ Poll 214(C):314–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.039
U.S. Department of Energy (2013) Reverse Osmosis optimization. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1998) Inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometry. EPA 6020A (SW-846)
Ventura-Lima J, Bogo MR, Monserrat JM (2011) Arsenic toxicity in mammals and aquatic animals: a comparative biochemical approach. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(3):211–218
World Health Organization (2008) Guidelines for drinking-water quality incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, vol1, Recommendations, 3rd edn. WHO Press, Geneva
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge funding provided through the Mitacs Accelerate program and the financial and research support of SaskWater. In addition, research support has been provided by SaskWater personnel including Sumith Kahanda, Enisa Zanacic, Dale Hreshka, and Timo Jansen.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Canadian Society for Civil Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bull, H., Ekhlasi Nia, A., McPhedran, K. (2023). Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Treatment Pond System for Removal of Concentrated Iron and Arsenic Produced from Water Treatment Plant (WTP) Wastewater. In: Walbridge, S., et al. Proceedings of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineering Annual Conference 2021 . CSCE 2021. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 249. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1061-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1061-6_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-1060-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-1061-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)