Skip to main content
  • 322 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter discusses the issues pertaining to alliances in conflict and the warfare, and the nature of the balance of power. These problems had already become apparent before the pandemic of the COVID-19, but this pandemic has caused an accelerated intensification of confrontational structures. Moreover, military allies between the EU and the USA are keeping each distance, while the military alliance between Japan and the USA has been becoming closer. On the contrary, multilateral trade and military cooperation with China (e.g., Russia, North Korea, etc.) have further complicated the international situation. And since the decline in the functioning of the United Nations has already been pointed out, it is likely that a new international relationship will be redefined and restructured in a new era. In this context, it can be saidthat thebalance of power perspective and the significance of the balancer are also growing.

From the perspective of the principle of distribution of sacrifice, it will be caused by the mutual dynamics of power structures and its fluctuations. It will be shown that the essence of all wars and conflict resolution, including an examination of mathematical model, has only the meaning of rivalry interactions to impose sacrifices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://securityconference.org/en/msc-2021/.

  2. 2.

    https://youtu.be/4tyUK2uk_D8.

  3. 3.

    https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-iran/.

References

  • Aref, S., & Neal, Z. (2020). Detecting coalitions by optimally partitioning signed networks of political collaboration. Scientific Reports, 10, Article number: 1506. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-58471-z

  • Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, R. (1997). The complexity of cooperation agent-based models of competition and collaboration. Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ayson, R. (2004). Thomas Schelling and the nuclear age: Strategy as social science, Routledge

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bresciani, C. (2006). The economics of inflation—a study of currency depreciation In Post War Germany (English Edition). Hesperides Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caforio, G. (2018). Handbook of the sociology of the military. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, E. H. (1939). The twenty years’ crisis, 1919–1939: An introduction to the study of international relations. Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, T., & Morimoto, J. (2015). Balancer effects in opinion dynamics. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.07339

  • Ciamapglia, G. L. (2018). Fighting fake news: A role for computational social science in the fight against digital misinformation. Journal of Computational Social Science, 1, 147–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clausewitz, C. (1993). On war. Everyman (Translated in English).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Berknap Press of University of Harvard Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, S. E. (2012). The international politics of disease reporting: Towards post-Westphalianism? International Politics, 49, 591–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deffuant, G., Neau, D., Amblard, F., & Weisbuch, G. (2000). Mixing beliefs among interacting agents, Advances in Complex Systems,vol.3, 87–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutschmann, E., et al. (2020) Computational conflict research. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Druckman, J.N., et al. (2021). Affective polarization, local contexts and public opinion in America, Nature Human Behaviour, vol.5, 28–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Efthymiopoulos, M. P. (2019). A cyber-security framework for development, defense and innovation at NATO. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 8, Article number: 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-019-0105-z

  • Epstein, J. M. (2014). Agent_Zero: Toward neurocognitive foundations for generative social science (Princeton Studies in Complexity). Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurasia Group. (2018). Top 10 risks. https://www.eurasiagroup.net/issues/top-risks-2018

  • Fellman, P. V., et al. (2016). Conflict and complexity countering terrorism, insurgency, ethnic and regional violence. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fidler, D. P. (2004). SARS. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fordham, B. O., & Walker, T. C. (2005). Kantian liberalism, regime type, and military resource allocation: Do democracies spend less? International Studies Quarterly, 49, 141–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, N., & Troitzsch, K. G. (1999). Simulation for the social scientist. Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, M. S. (1978). Threshold models of collective behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1420–1443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1987). Eine Art Schadensabwicklung. Nachdruck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heintze, H. J., & Thielborger, P. (2016). From cold war to cyber war the evolution of the international law of peace and armed conflict over the last 25 years. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helbing, D. (2012). Social selforganization, Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoki, T. (2014). A history of economics. Chuokhoron-Shinsha (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. (1795). Perpetual peace. Macmillan (English translated edition).

    Google Scholar 

  • Keynes, J. M. (1919). The economic consequences of the peace. Binker North.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. S. (1984). The offensive/defensive balance of military technology: A theoretical and historical analysis. International Studies Quarterly, 28(2), 219–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucarelli, S., Marrone, A., & Moro, F. N., (Eds.) (2021). NATO Decision-Making in the Age of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, NATO HQ-Boulevard Leopold III, https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/978195445000.pdf

  • Lukin, A. (2020). The Russia-China entente and its future. International Politics. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-020-00251-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luttwak, E. N. (1990). From geopolitics to geo-economics: Logic of conflict. Grammar of Commerce, the National Interest, 20, 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCoun, R. J. (2012). The burden of social proof: Shared thresholds and social influence. Psychological Review, 119(2), 345–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malarz, K., & Galam, M. (2005). Square-lattice site percolation at increasing ranges of neighbour bonds. Physical Review E, 71, 016125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon, R., & Ruger, W. (2020). NATO enlargement and US grand strategy: A net assessment. International Politics, 57, 371–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Defense, Japan. (2021). Defense of Japan 2021(Annual White Paper). https://www.mod.go.jp/j/publication/wp/wp2021/pdf/index.html

  • Morgenthau, H. J. (1978). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neff, S. C. (2012). Hugo Grotius on the law of war and peace. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (2007). Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University Press.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy state and Utopia. Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. (1998). On competition. Harvard Business School Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, T., & Hartley, K. (2007). Handbook of defense economics: Defense in a globalized world. North Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schelling, T. C. (1981). The strategy of conflict. Harvard University Press.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Shapley, L. S., & Shubik, M. (1954). A method for evaluating the distribution of power in a committee system. American Political Science Review, 48, 787–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, M. (1996). The balance of power: History and theory. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya, K. (2004b). Perspectives on social psychological research using agent based systems. Studies in Simulation & Gaming, 14(1), 11–18 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya, K. (2017). Bridging between cyber politics and collective dynamics of social movement. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of information science and technology (4th ed., pp. 3538–3548). IGI Global.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya, K. (2020b). A revaluation for The Morgenthau's prospects in the digital society. In The International Workshop “Transdisciplinary Approaches to Good Governance”. The Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto University, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya, K. (2021). Breaking fake news and verifying truth. In M. Khosrow-Pour (2021). Encyclopedia of information science and technology (5th ed., pp. 1469–1480). IGI Global.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya, K. (2004a). A framework of multi-agent based modeling, simulation and computational assistance in an ubiquitous environment. SIMULATION: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, 80(7), 367–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya, K. (2020a). Digital transformation of identity in the age of artificial intelligence. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Republic.com, Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuck, R. (2001). The rights of war and peace: Political thought and the international order from Grotius to Kant. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Turchin, P. (2005). War and peace and war. Plume.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turchin, P. (2009). A theory for formation of large states. Journal of Global History, 4(2), 191–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voinea, C. F. (2016). Political attitudes: Computational and simulation modelling (Wiley Series in Computational and Quantitative Social Science), Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false online. Science, 359, 1146–1151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walzer, W. (2006). Just and unjust wars: A moral argument with historical illustrations (4th ed.). Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts & Dodds. (2007). Influentials, networks, and public opinion formation. Journal of Consumer Research. http://www.uvm.edu/pdodds/teaching/courses/2009-08UVM-300/docs/others/2007/watts2007a.pdf

  • Wu, X. (2020). Technology, power, and uncontrolled great power strategic competition between China and the United States. China International Strategy Review, 2, 99–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kazuhiko Shibuya .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Shibuya, K. (2022). On Balance of Power. In: The Rise of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Pandemic Society. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0950-4_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0950-4_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-19-0949-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-19-0950-4

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics