Abstract
Dysbiosis has been proposed to be one of the multiple etiological factors in development and progression of many cancers. Tobacco, alcohol, and betel nut are the common causative factors of oral cancer, which might also lead to the alteration of the oral microbiome composition. Based on knowledge of the carcinogenic effects of dysbiosis, it was recently suggested that probiotics may have antitumor activity. This chapter reviews the role of microbial dysbiosis in oral cancer pathogenesis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Seymour GJ, Ford PJ, Cullinan MP, Leishman S, Yamazaki K (2007) Relationship between periodontal infections and systemic disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 13(Suppl 4):3–10
Beck JD, Offenbacher S (2005) Systemic effects of periodontitis: epidemiology of periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 76(Suppl 11S):2089–2100
Joshipura KJ, Rimm EB, Douglass CW, Trichopoulos D, Ascherio A, Willett WC (1996) Poor oral health and coronary heart disease. J Dent Res 75(9):1631–1636
Genco RJ, Grossi SG, Ho A, Nishimura F, Murayama Y (2005) A proposed model linking inflammation to obesity, diabetes, and periodontal infections. J Periodontol 76(11 Suppl):2075–2084
Joshipura KJ, Hung HC, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Ascherio A (2003) Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and incidence of ischemic stroke. Stroke 34(1):47–52
Offenbacher S, Jared HL, O’Reilly PG, Wells SR, Salvi GE, Lawrence HP et al (1998) Potential pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis associated pregnancy complications. Ann Periodontol 3(1):233–250
Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE (2005) Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol 43(11):5721–5732
Duran-Pinedo AE, Frias-Lopez J (2015) Beyond microbial community composition: functional activities of the oral microbiome in health and disease. Microbes Infect 17(7):505–516
Costalonga M, Herzberg MC (2014) The oral microbiome and the immunobiology of periodontal disease and caries. Immunol Lett 162(2 Pt A):22–38
Griffen AL, Beall CJ, Campbell JH, Firestone ND, Kumar PS, Yang ZK et al (2012) Distinct and complex bacterial profiles in human periodontitis and health revealed by 16S pyrosequencing. ISME J 6(6):1176–1185
Haubek D (2010) The highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: evolutionary aspects, epidemiology and etiological role in aggressive periodontitis. APMIS Suppl (130):1–53
Jorth P, Turner KH, Gumus P, Nizam N, Buduneli N, Whiteley M (2014) Metatranscriptomics of the human oral microbiome during health and disease. MBio 5(2):e01012–e01014
Liu S, Zhou X, Peng X, Li M, Ren B, Cheng G et al (2020) Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes immunoevasion of oral cancer by protecting cancer from macrophage attack. J Immunol 205(1):282–289
Vartoukian SR, Palmer RM, Wade WG (2009) Diversity and morphology of members of the phylum “synergistetes” in periodontal health and disease. Appl Environ Microbiol 75(11):3777–3786
Koo H, Bowen WH (2014) Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans: a potential synergistic alliance to cause virulent tooth decay in children. Future Microbiol 9(12):1295–1297
Willis JR, Gabaldon T (2020) The human oral microbiome in health and disease: from sequences to ecosystems. Microorganisms 8(2)
Whiley RA, Fleming EV, Makhija R, Waite RD (2015) Environment and colonisation sequence are key parameters driving cooperation and competition between Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis strains and oral commensal streptococci. PLoS One 10(2):e0115513
Chhibber-Goel J, Singhal V, Bhowmik D, Vivek R, Parakh N, Bhargava B et al (2016) Linkages between oral commensal bacteria and atherosclerotic plaques in coronary artery disease patients. NPJ Biofilm Microbiom 2:7
Teles R, Wang CY (2011) Mechanisms involved in the association between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular disease. Oral Dis 17(5):450–461
Roszyk E, Puszczewicz M (2017) Role of human microbiome and selected bacterial infections in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatologia 55(5):242–250
Scher JU, Ubeda C, Equinda M, Khanin R, Buischi Y, Viale A et al (2012) Periodontal disease and the oral microbiota in new-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 64(10):3083–3094
Aguayo S, Schuh C, Vicente B, Aguayo LG (2018) Association between Alzheimer’s disease and oral and gut microbiota: are pore forming proteins the missing link? J Alzheimer’s Dis 65(1):29–46
Dominy SS, Lynch C, Ermini F, Benedyk M, Marczyk A, Konradi A et al (2019) Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors. Sci Adv 5(1):eaau3333
Miklossy J (2016) Bacterial amyloid and DNA are important constituents of senile plaques: further evidence of the spirochetal and biofilm nature of senile plaques. J Alzheimer’s Dis 53(4):1459–1473
Casarin RC, Barbagallo A, Meulman T, Santos VR, Sallum EA, Nociti FH et al (2013) Subgingival biodiversity in subjects with uncontrolled type-2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 48(1):30–36
Imawana RA, Smith DR, Goodson ML (2020) The relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and Helicobacter pylori across East Asian, European and Mediterranean countries: a meta-analysis. Ann Gastroenterol 33(5):485–494
Avila M, Ojcius DM, Yilmaz O (2009) The oral microbiota: living with a permanent guest. DNA Cell Biol 28(8):405–411
Dovrolis N, Kolios G, Spyrou GM, Maroulakou I (2019) Computational profiling of the gut-brain axis: microflora dysbiosis insights to neurological disorders. Brief Bioinform 20(3):825–841
Zhang WL, Wang SS, Wang HF, Tang YJ, Tang YL, Liang XH (2019) Who is who in oral cancer? Exp Cell Res 384(2):111634
Radaic A, Kapila YL (2021) The oralome and its dysbiosis: new insights into oral microbiome-host interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 19:1335–1360
Petersen C, Round JL (2014) Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease. Cell Microbiol 16(7):1024–1033
Pang X, Tang YJ, Ren XH, Chen QM, Tang YL, Liang XH (2018) Microbiota, epithelium, inflammation, and TGF-beta signaling: an intricate interaction in oncogenesis. Front Microbiol 9:1353
Gomar-Vercher S, Cabrera-Rubio R, Mira A, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM (2014) Relationship of children’s salivary microbiota with their caries status: a pyrosequencing study. Clin Oral Investig 18(9):2087–2094
Lamont RJ, Koo H, Hajishengallis G (2018) The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 16(12):745–759
Tonoyan L, Vincent-Bugnas S, Olivieri CV, Doglio A (2019) New viral facets in oral diseases: the EBV paradox. Int J Mol Sci 20(23):5861
Dolcet X, Llobet D, Pallares J, Matias-Guiu X (2005) NF-kB in development and progression of human cancer. Virchows Arch 446(5):475–482
Guarneri C, Bevelacqua V, Polesel J, Falzone L, Cannavo PS, Spandidos DA et al (2017) NFkappaB inhibition is associated with OPN/MMP9 downregulation in cutaneous melanoma. Oncol Rep 37(2):737–746
Leonardi GC, Falzone L, Salemi R, Zanghi A, Spandidos DA, McCubrey JA et al (2018) Cutaneous melanoma: from pathogenesis to therapy (review). Int J Oncol 52(4):1071–1080
Couturier-Maillard A, Secher T, Rehman A, Normand S, De Arcangelis A, Haesler R et al (2013) NOD2-mediated dysbiosis predisposes mice to transmissible colitis and colorectal cancer. J Clin Invest 123(2):700–711
Francescone R, Hou V, Grivennikov SI (2014) Microbiome, inflammation, and cancer. Cancer J 20(3):181–189
Hu B, Elinav E, Huber S, Strowig T, Hao L, Hafemann A et al (2013) Microbiota-induced activation of epithelial IL-6 signaling links inflammasome-driven inflammation with transmissible cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(24):9862–9867
La Rosa GRM, Gattuso G, Pedulla E, Rapisarda E, Nicolosi D, Salmeri M (2020) Association of oral dysbiosis with oral cancer development. Oncol Lett 19(4):3045–3058
Ojesina AI, Lichtenstein L, Freeman SS, Pedamallu CS, Imaz-Rosshandler I, Pugh TJ et al (2014) Landscape of genomic alterations in cervical carcinomas. Nature 506(7488):371–375
Sharon G, Garg N, Debelius J, Knight R, Dorrestein PC, Mazmanian SK (2014) Specialized metabolites from the microbiome in health and disease. Cell Metab 20(5):719–730
Basic A, Blomqvist S, Carlen A, Dahlen G (2015) Estimation of bacterial hydrogen sulfide production in vitro. J Oral Microbiol 7:28166
Hezel MP, Weitzberg E (2015) The oral microbiome and nitric oxide homoeostasis. Oral Dis 21(1):7–16
Whitmore SE, Lamont RJ (2014) Oral bacteria and cancer. PLoS Pathog 10(3):e1003933
Kato I, Vasquez AA, Moyerbrailean G, Land S, Sun J, Lin HS et al (2016) Oral microbiome and history of smoking and colorectal cancer. J Epidemiol Res 2(2):92–101
Fan X, Alekseyenko AV, Wu J, Peters BA, Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM et al (2018) Human oral microbiome and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: a population-based nested case-control study. Gut 67(1):120–127
Torres PJ, Fletcher EM, Gibbons SM, Bouvet M, Doran KS, Kelley ST (2015) Characterization of the salivary microbiome in patients with pancreatic cancer. PeerJ 3:e1373
Kim SS, Ruiz VE, Carroll JD, Moss SF (2011) Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma. Cancer Lett 305(2):228–238
Nagaraja V, Eslick GD (2014) Systematic review with meta-analysis: the relationship between chronic Salmonella typhi carrier status and gall-bladder cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 39(8):745–750
Toprak NU, Yagci A, Gulluoglu BM, Akin ML, Demirkalem P, Celenk T et al (2006) A possible role of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin in the aetiology of colorectal cancer. Clin Microbiol Infect 12(8):782–786
Mager DL, Haffajee AD, Devlin PM, Norris CM, Posner MR, Goodson JM (2005) The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: a descriptive, non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects. J Transl Med 3:27
Pushalkar S, Ji X, Li Y, Estilo C, Yegnanarayana R, Singh B et al (2012) Comparison of oral microbiota in tumor and non-tumor tissues of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Microbiol 12:144
Wang L, Ganly I (2014) The oral microbiome and oral cancer. Clin Lab Med 34(4):711–719
Peters BA, Wu J, Pei Z, Yang L, Purdue MP, Freedman ND et al (2017) Oral microbiome composition reflects prospective risk for esophageal cancers. Cancer Res 77(23):6777–6787
Lafuente Ibanez de Mendoza I, Maritxalar Mendia X, Garcia de la Fuente AM, Quindos Andres G, Aguirre Urizar JM (2020) Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in oral squamous cell carcinoma development: a systematic review. J Periodontal Res 55(1):13–22
Chang C, Geng F, Shi X, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhao X et al (2019) The prevalence rate of periodontal pathogens and its association with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103(3):1393–1404
Kuboniwa M, Hasegawa Y, Mao S, Shizukuishi S, Amano A, Lamont RJ et al (2008) P. gingivalis accelerates gingival epithelial cell progression through the cell cycle. Microbes Infect 10(2):122–128
Hoppe T, Kraus D, Novak N, Probstmeier R, Frentzen M, Wenghoefer M et al (2016) Oral pathogens change proliferation properties of oral tumor cells by affecting gene expression of human defensins. Tumour Biol 37(10):13789–13798
Koch AE, Polverini PJ, Kunkel SL, Harlow LA, DiPietro LA, Elner VM et al (1992) Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science 258(5089):1798–1801
Geginat J, Larghi P, Paroni M, Nizzoli G, Penatti A, Pagani M et al (2016) The light and the dark sides of Interleukin-10 in immune-mediated diseases and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 30:87–93
Schadendorf D, Moller A, Algermissen B, Worm M, Sticherling M, Czarnetzki BM (1993) IL-8 produced by human malignant melanoma cells in vitro is an essential autocrine growth factor. J Immunol 151(5):2667–2675
Singh RK, Gutman M, Reich R, Bar-Eli M (1995) Ultraviolet B irradiation promotes tumorigenic and metastatic properties in primary cutaneous melanoma via induction of interleukin 8. Cancer Res 55(16):3669–3674
Ginestier C, Liu S, Diebel ME, Korkaya H, Luo M, Brown M et al (2010) CXCR1 blockade selectively targets human breast cancer stem cells in vitro and in xenografts. J Clin Invest 120(2):485–497
Khan MN, Wang B, Wei J, Zhang Y, Li Q, Luan X et al (2015) CXCR1/2 antagonism with CXCL8/Interleukin-8 analogue CXCL8(3-72)K11R/G31P restricts lung cancer growth by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and suppressing angiogenesis. Oncotarget 6(25):21315–21327
Lo MC, Yip TC, Ngan KC, Cheng WW, Law CK, Chan PS et al (2013) Role of MIF/CXCL8/CXCR2 signaling in the growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor spheres. Cancer Lett 335(1):81–92
Harrandah AM, Chukkapalli SS, Bhattacharyya I, Progulske-Fox A, Chan EKL (2020) Fusobacteria modulate oral carcinogenesis and promote cancer progression. J Oral Microbiol 13(1):1849493
Liu B, Faller LL, Klitgord N, Mazumdar V, Ghodsi M, Sommer DD et al (2012) Deep sequencing of the oral microbiome reveals signatures of periodontal disease. PLoS One 7(6):e37919
Kostic AD, Chun E, Robertson L, Glickman JN, Gallini CA, Michaud M et al (2013) Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment. Cell Host Microbe 14(2):207–215
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Khan, S., Sinha, R., Sarkar, S., Dixit, A., Routray, S. (2022). Microbial Dysbiosis in Oral Cancer. In: Routray, S. (eds) Microbes and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0592-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0592-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-0591-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-0592-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)