Abstract
In this study, water footprint components including green water footprint, blue water, and gray water and its economic value in the production of dates, almonds, and walnuts in Iran were estimated. The results showed that in dates, almonds, and walnuts, the share of blue water was 76.6, 71, and 90%, respectively; The share of green water is 9.6, 19%, the share of gray water is 13.5, 10, and 6%. The economic value of water in these three products is $0.6, $0.2, and $0.9 per cubic meter, respectively. The total volume resulting from the production of these three products in Iran is 13830 MCM per year, of which more than 90% is exported to neighboring countries. Water resources are very limited in Iran, especially in the southern and middle regions with arid and extra-arid climate, which water scarcity is increasing, due to the result of the government’s water policy over the past two decades. During the past decades, self-sufficiency in strategic products such as wheat was the Iran government’s policy. There was no control over productions, developments, or stopping the cultivation, exporting and importing of agricultural products with a view of economic value of water footprint and water footprint. Therefore, this perspective should always be at the top of the planning and planting pattern.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Khoshbakht K (2006) Agrobiodiversity of plant genetic resources in Savadkouh, Iran, with emphasis on plant uses and socioeconomic aspects. kassel university press GmbH
Chardin J (1735) Voyages en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient (vol 3)
Matthee R (2009) The Safavids under western eyes: seventeenth-century european travelers to Iran. J Early Mod Hist 13(2):137–171
Abbasi F, Heydari N, Sohrab F (2006) Water use efficiency in Iran Islamic Republic: status, challenges and opportunities. AARINENA Water Use Efficiency Network, 58–70
Koocheki A, Ghorbani R (2005) Traditional agriculture in Iran and development challenges for organic agriculture. Int J Biodivers Sci Manag 1(1):52–57
McLachlan K (1988) The neglected garden: the politics and ecology of agriculture in Iran. IB Tauris and Co.
FAO (2020) FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country
Ardakanian R (2005) Overview of water management in Iran. In: Water conservation, reuse, and recycling: Proceeding of an Iranian-American workshop. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, pp 18–33
Bierkens MF, Dolman AJ, Troch PA (eds) (2008) Climate and the hydrological cycle. International Association of Hydrological Sciences
Zygmunt J (2007) Hidden waters. Waterwise, London
Hoekstra AY, Hung PQ (2002) Virtual water trade: a quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade. Value if the Watre Research Report Series. No. 11, UNESCO-IHE, Delft. https://thewaternetwork.com/_/integrated-water-resource-management-iwrm/document-XAs/a-quantification-of-virtual-water-flows-between-nations-in-relation-to-international-crop-trade-TPANWVVuKrHT0upeMoSA1A
Van Oel PR, Mekonnen M, Hoekstra AY (2008) The external water footprint of the Netherlands: quantification and impact assessment
Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY (2011) The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 15(5):1577–1600
Madani K (2014) Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis? J Environ Stud Sci 4(4):315–328. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13412-014-0182-z
Lenzen M, Moran D, Bhaduri A, Kanemoto K, Bekchanov M, Geschke A, Foran B (2013) International trade of scarce water. Ecol Econ 94:78–85
Novoa V, Ahumada-Rudolph R, Rojas O, Sáez K, de la Barrera F, Arumà JL (2019) Understanding agricultural water footprint variability to improve water management in Chile. Sci Total Environ 670:188–199
Hoekstra AY, Chapagain AK (2008) Globalization of water: sharing the planets freshwater resources. Blakwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470696224. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9780470696224
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Drainage and Irrigation Paper 56, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
Bazrafshan O, Zamani H, Etedali HR, Dehghanpir S (2019) Assessment of citrus water footprint components and impact of climatic and non-climatic factors on them. Sci Hortic 250:344–351
Chapagain AK, Hoeksta AY, Savenije HHG (2006) Water saving through international trade of agricultural products. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 10:455–468. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-455. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00298749/
Ababaei B, Ramezani Etedali H (2017) Water footprint assessment of main cereals in Iran. Agric Water Manag 179:401–411. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377416302621
Karshenas M (1990)Â Oil, state and industrialization in Iran. CUP Archive
Ministry of Agriculture- Jihad (MAJ) (2017). http://www.maj.ir/Portal/Home/Default.aspx?CategoryID=c5c8bb7b-ad9f-43dd-8502-cbb9e37fa2ce
Bazrafshan O, Zamani H, Etedali HR, Moshizi ZG, Shamili M, Ismaelpour Y, Gholami H (2020) Improving water management in date palms using economic value of water footprint and virtual water trade concepts in Iran. Agric Water Manag 229:105941
Fulton J, Norton M, Shilling F (2019) Water-indexed benefits and impacts of California almonds. Ecol Ind 96:711–717
Vafaei K, Bazrafshan O, Ramezani Etedali H (2020) Spatial and temporal changes of ecological water footprint and virtual water trade in irrigated and rain-fed almond production at Iran. JWSS 24(2):287–302 (In Persion)
Ministry of Agriculture-Jihad (MAJ) (2018). http://www.maj.ir/Portal/Home/Default.aspx?CategoryID=c5c8bb7b-ad9f-43dd-8502-cbb9e37fa2ce
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bazrafshan, O., Etedali, H.R., Moshizi, Z.G.N. (2022). Water Footprint of Fruits in Arid and Semi-arid Regions. In: Muthu, S.S. (eds) Environmental Footprints of Crops. Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0534-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0534-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-0533-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-0534-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)