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Cameroon Mangroves: Current Status, Uses, Challenges, and Management Perspectives

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Mangroves: Biodiversity, Livelihoods and Conservation

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Abstract

Cameroon has mangrove cover of more than 220,000 ha contributing to 6% of African coverage, the sixth largest in Africa and the largest in Central Africa. They have great structural peculiarity with diverse flora and fauna being the most giant in Africa and among the biggest and tallest in the world reaching over 1 m in diameter and 60 m in height especially around the Wouri estuary. The mangrove forests encompass three ecosystem types: freshwater (from inland hydrology), brackish water, and marine water systems. Cameroon mangroves provide a wide range of vital ecosystem goods and services valued at 77,040,470,590 FCFA (US $154,080,941)/year, i.e., 8,347,128 FCFA (US$ 16,694)/ha/year. The tangible ecosystem services (provisioning services) or natural resources provide a means of subsistence for more than 30% of the population of the country living in coastal areas dependent on its resources, particularly wood and non-timber products including fishery products. The non-tangible services include: regulatory services ranging from stabilization of the coastal zone, carbon sequestration to improvement of the micro- and macro-climate; support services, supporting the food chain, spawning ground, and habitat for many other marine and aquatic animals; and cultural services as a venue for spiritual activities of most festivals with enormous potential for ecotourism and environmental education. Mangrove and associated coastal areas have been lost annually at more than 1% in Cameroon but this varies greatly within the regions increasing in Rio del Rey area by 9.4% per year, declining in the Cameroon Estuary by −1.1% per year with Douala-Bonaberi (country’s economic capital and most populated city) area being the highest hotspot reaching −6.2% per year, and—2.1% per year in the Estuary of Ntem. The driving factors are coastal population growth, urbanization, fish processing, sand extraction, and uncoordinated policies and government economic coastal development programs including accentuated pollution from extractive and processing industries. Government and partners have contributed significant efforts currently putting over 92% of mangrove coverage under various conservation and sustainable management practices: conservation as national park (50.3%), Ramsar sites and under sustainable management (70.8%) as communal forest (35.2%), and community forest ownership (7.5%). Many awareness campaigns, sustainable utilization, and restoration and research initiatives have also been embarked upon. What really remains is the enhancement of management effectiveness of these mangroves through policy amelioration and coordinated efforts of the different stakeholders in the perspectives of sustainable management of Cameroon mangroves. Recommendations are made to attain this goal.

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Acknowledgements

This chapter is a fruit of work done by experts and key stakeholders’ consultations and interactions at all levels (government services, NGOs, private sector, and local communities including elected representatives, traditional authorities, and opinion leaders) including mangrove villages. The author is heartily thankful to all colleagues from these institutions too numerous to mention by name.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, University of Douala, Yabassi, Cameroon

    Gordon Nwutih Ajonina

  2. CWCS Douala-Edea Coastal Forests, Marine and Mangrove Programme, Mouanko, Littoral Region, Cameroon

    Gordon Nwutih Ajonina

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  1. Sundarban Tiger Reserve, Canning, West Bengal, India

    Sudhir Chandra Das

  2. Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Pullaiah

  3. Queen’s University Belfast Marine Laboratory (QML), Portaferry, Northern Ireland, UK

    Elizabeth C. Ashton

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Ajonina, G.N. (2022). Cameroon Mangroves: Current Status, Uses, Challenges, and Management Perspectives. In: Das, S.C., Pullaiah, Ashton, E.C. (eds) Mangroves: Biodiversity, Livelihoods and Conservation . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0519-3_21

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