Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acceptability in the Chinese Context: Exploratory Interviews

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Public Acceptability of Congestion Charging in China

  • 125 Accesses

Abstract

As asserted in Chapter 2, it is unclear whether and to what extent Western notions of acceptability apply in the Chinese context. There are no formal laws or official documents indicating how lay citizens could participate in policymaking processes in the Chinese context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    There is no consensus on how to define democracy and the practice is altogether different, especially in new democracies. Even the three commonly acknowledged foundations of democracy—legal equality, political freedom, and rule of law (see Weingast, 1997; Diamond & Morlino, 2005), are sometimes absent (see Cheesman, 2015; Fukuyama, 2015). But nevertheless, they are forms of government where the citizens exercise power by voting. Or, as Popper defined, they offer opportunities for the people to oust their leaders without a revolution (Popper, 2012, see also. Jarvie et al., 2006). In this sense, such government has never existed in Mainland China throughout the history. This, however, does not imply a “romanticism” of democracy (see Epstein, 2017; Gilley, 2009). Democracy, or the practice of democracy, has been criticised by many political thinkers, and have been facing crisis since the very early stage (see Dahl, 1973; Hoppe, 2018; Manin, 1997; Michels, 1962; Nietzsche, 2002). I have personally noticed more criticism of democracy after the rise of Trump, Brexit, and other “black swan events” (e.g., Dahlgren, 2018; McCoy et al., 2018; Muis & Immerzeel, 2017; Parmar, 2017). This is probably the biggest challenge for this study is to stop comparing the China’s system with Western systems which I am quite unfamiliar with.

  2. 2.

    People and human beings are the same word in Chinese (人).

  3. 3.

    This was first proposed in the “On The People’s Democratic Dictatorship” (simplified Chinese: 论人民民主专政) speech given in commemoration of the 28th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 30 June 1949. See related discussions about People’s Democratic Dictatorship in Selected works of Mao Tse-tung (in Chinese), People’s Publishing House, Vol. 1, 1991, pp. 142, 240; Vol. 2, 1991, pp. 637, 690–691; Vol. 3, 1991, 1005; Vol. 4, 1991, pp. 1215, 1412–1413; Vol. 5, 1977, pp. 366–367.

  4. 4.

    Xi used “where a man has to cut off his own snake-bitten wrist to save his life” (simplified Chinese: 壮士断腕) to describe his determination of the Anti-corruption Campaign when addressing the third plenary session of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) in January, 2014 and “no border and no taboo, but zero tolerance” at a key meeting during the fifth plenary session of the 18th CPC CCDI in January, 2015.

  5. 5.

    Liu Shaoqi was the First Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China from 1956 to 1966 and Chairman of the People’s Republic of China from 1959 to 1968. He held very high positions in Communist China’s leadership for some twenty years and was commonly considered as the successor to Mao. He is believed to be the apostle of the so-called Mao Zedong Thought (毛泽东思想, also called Maosim) and the instigator of Mao’s cult of personality (see Gao, 2000). However, although he was the one who first systematically argued the Mao Zedong Thought, put the Mao Zedong Thought into the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party, and clearly stated that the Mao Zedong Thought must be the guideline of everything in the CCP (毛泽东思想作为全党一切工作的指导方针), he was labelled by Mao the “commander of China’s bourgeoisie headquarters”(资产阶级司令部的黑司令), “Khrushchev sleeping by our side” (睡在身边的赫鲁晓夫), “China’s foremost capitalist-roader” (头号走资派), and a traitor to the revolution in 1968 and then, purged, imprisoned, and tortured to death during the Cultural Revolution (see Dittmer, 1974).

  6. 6.

    The trust here is different from other “trust” in the thesis. It is more about the relationship between lay citizens. About civic trust and civic honesty see Cohn et al. (2019).

  7. 7.

    Since 2007, Chinese netizens have started using the term “tea talk” or “forced to drink tea” (simplified Chinese: 被喝茶) to describe interrogations by the internal security police. A person can be called for a cup of tea due to different reasons, such as sharing sensitive information from unofficial channels. Different forms of police harassment related to tea talks include home surveillance, house arrest, and kidnapping (e.g., Advox, 2013; BBC, 2013).

  8. 8.

    Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately presenting information in a recondite manner, designed to forestall further understanding (see Nietzsche, 1996; Schopenhauer, 1998). Since it restricts knowledge to a small group of people—the ruling class, it is commonly considered anti-democratic (see Elster, 2011; Good, 2003; Wright et al., 1992 see also Ho, 1945).

References

  • Advox. (2013). China: Bloggers “Forced to Drink Tea” with Police [Online]. https://advox.globalvoices.org/2013/02/19/china-bloggers-forced-to-drink-tea-with-police/. Accessed 27 July 2019.

  • Bardhan, P. (2002). Decentralization of governance and development. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(4), 185–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BBC. (2013). Tea? Reining in dissent the Chinese way [Online]. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-21027416. Accessed 27 July 2019.

  • Billioud, S. (2007). Confucianism, “cultural tradition” and official discourses in China at the start of the new century. China Perspectives, 2007(3), 50–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billioud, S., & Thoraval, J. (2007). Jiaohua: The Confucian revival in China as an educative project. China Perspectives, 2007(4), 4–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boorman, H. L. (1963). How to be a good Communist: The political ethics of Liu Shao-Ch’I. Asian Survey, 372–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, A. M. (2009). Marketing dictatorship: Propaganda and thought work in contemporary China. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, A. M., & Wang, J. (2009). China’s strengthened new order and the role of propaganda. Journal of Contemporary China, 18(62), 767–788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broadhurst, R., & Wang, P. (2014). After the Bo Xilai trial: Does corruption threaten China’s future? Survival, 56(3), 157–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brødsgaard, K. E. (2012). Politics and business group formation in China: The Party in control? The China Quarterly, 211, 624–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y. (2003). Collective ownership or cadres’ ownership? The non-agricultural use of farmland in China. The China Quarterly, 175, 662–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y. (2008). Local governments and the suppression of popular resistance in China. The China Quarterly, 193, 24–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, H. S. (2004). Cadre personnel management in China: The nomenklatura system, 1990–1998. The China Quarterly, 179, 703–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheesman, N. (2015). Opposing the rule of law. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, N. (2003). From propaganda to public relations: Evolutionary change in the Chinese government. Asian Journal of Communication, 13(2), 96–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X. (2007). From the May Fourth Movement to Communist Revolution. SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X. (2013). The rising cost of stability. Journal of Democracy, 24(1), 57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., & Zhao, J. (2013). Bidding to drive: Car license auction policy in Shanghai and its public acceptance. Transport Policy, 27, 39–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, K. C. K. (2012). Away from socialism, towards Chinese characteristics: Confucianism and the futures of Chinese nationalism. China Information, 26(2), 205–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y. (2011). The evolution of “socialism with Chinese characteristics”: Its elliptical structure of socialist principles and China’s realities. Pacific Focus, 26(3), 385–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, P. (2012). Youth culture in China: From red guards to netizens. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, A., Maréchal, M. A., Tannenbaum, D., & Zünd, C. L. (2019). Civic honesty around the globe. Science, 8712(June), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creemers, R. (2017). Cyber China: Upgrading propaganda, public opinion work and social management for the twenty-first century. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(103), 85–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, Z. (2018). Chairman Xi Jinping animated online videos: Representation of paternalistic leadership in a postmodern age. Chinese Studies, 7(2), 183–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. A. (1973). Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, P. (2018). Media, knowledge and trust: The deepening epistemic crisis of democracy. Javnost—The Public, 25(1–2), 20–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, L., & Morlino, L. (Eds.). (2005). Assessing the quality of democracy. JHU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding, X. L. (2000). The illicit asset stripping of Chinese state firms. The China Journal, 43, 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dittmer, L. (1974). Liu Shao-Chi and the Chinese cultural revolution: The politics of mass criticism (No. 10). University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittmer, L. (1981). Death and transfiguration: Liu Shaoqi’s rehabilitation and contemporary Chinese politics. The Journal of Asian Studies, 40(3), 455–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dittmer, L. (2015). Liu Shaoqi and the Chinese cultural revolution. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Edin, M. (2003). State capacity and local agent control in China: CCP cadre management from a township perspective. The China Quarterly, 173, 35–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elster, J. (2011). Hard and soft obscurantism in the humanities and social sciences. Diogenes, 58(1–2), 159–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, W. (2017). The masses are the ruling classes: Policy romanticism, democratic populism, and social welfare in America. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esarey, A., & Xiao, Q. (2011). Digital communication and political change in China. International Journal of Communication, 5, 298–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farh, J. L., & Cheng, B. S. (2000). A cultural analysis of paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations. Management and organizations in the Chinese context (pp. 84–127). Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Foley, K., Wallace, J. L., & Weiss, J. C. (2018). The political and economic consequences of Nationalist protest in China: The 2012 Anti-Japanese demonstrations. The China Quarterly, 236, 1131–1153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, E. (2016). National identity and democratic prospects in socialist China. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, K. W., Chan, C. H., & Chau, M. (2013). Assessing censorship on microblogs in China: Discriminatory keyword analysis and the real-name registration policy. IEEE Internet Computing, 17(3), 42–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). The end of history? The National Interest, 16, 3–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama, F. (2012). The patterns of history. Journal of Democracy, 23(1), 14–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama, F. (2015). Why is democracy performing so poorly? Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 11–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, H. (2000). How did the Sun rise over Yan’an? The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilley, B. (2009). Is democracy possible? Journal of Democracy, 20(1), 113–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Good, K. (2003). Democracy and the control of elites. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 21(2), 155–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregor, A. J., & Chang, M. H. (1979). Anti-Confucianism: Mao’s last campaign. Asian Survey, 19(11), 1073–1092.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, G. (2009). China’s local political budget cycles. American Journal of Political Science, 53(3), 621–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, J. (2014). Interpretation of the basic content of core socialist values. People’s Publishing House (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, S., & Guo, B. (Eds.). (2008). China in search of a harmonious society. Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Y. (2008). Corruption in transitional China: An empirical analysis. The China Quarterly, 194, 349–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, H. (1971). China: Toward revolutionary pragmatism. Asian Survey, 11(1), 51–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassid, J. (2008). Controlling the Chinese media: An uncertain business. Asian Survey, 48(3), 414–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, G., Mol, A. P., & Lu, Y. (2016). Public protests against the Beijing-Shenyang high-speed railway in China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 43, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, B., & Tuttle, G. (Eds.). (2016). Ethnic conflict and protest in Tibet and Xinjiang: Unrest in China’s west. Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho Chi Minh. (1945, September 2). Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. [Online]. http://www.chinhphu.vn/cttdtcp/en/about_vietnam01.html. Accessed 20 March 2019.

  • Holbig, H. (2008). Ideological reform and political legitimacy in China: Challenges in the post-Jiang era. In Regime legitimacy in contemporary China (pp. 27–48). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holbig, H. (2009). Remaking the CCP’s ideology: Determinants, progress, and limits under Hu Jintao. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 38(3), 35–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holbig, H. (2013). Ideology after the end of ideology. China and the quest for autocratic legitimation. Democratization, 20(1), 61–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holbig, H., & Gilley, B. (2010). Reclaiming legitimacy in China. Politics & Policy, 38(3), 395–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopf, T. (2012). Reconstructing the Cold War: The early years, 1945–1958. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe, H. H. (2018). Democracy—The God that failed: The economics and politics of monarchy, democracy and natural order. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao, K. C. (1976). Legalism and autocracy in traditional China. Chinese Studies in History, 10(1–2), 125–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, W., Liu, M., Liu, Y., & Tao, R. (2014). Reassessing collective petitioning in rural China: Civic engagement, extra-state violence, and regional variation. Comparative Politics, 46(4), 459–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvie, I. C., Milford, K., & Miller, D. W. (Eds.). (2006). Karl Popper: A centenary assessment volume I. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jia, N., Zhang, Y., He, Z., & Li, G. (2017). Commuters’ acceptance of and behavior reactions to license plate restriction policy: A case study of Tianjin, China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 52, 428–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, G. (1993). Socialism and tradition: The formation and development of modern Chinese political culture. The Journal of Contemporary China, 2(3), 3–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. E. (2013). How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression. American Political Science Review, 107(2), 326–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konsky, C., Eguchi, M., Blue, J., & Kapoor, S. (2000). Individualist-collectivist values: American, Indian and Japanese cross-cultural study. Intercultural Communication Studies, 9(1), 69–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kou, C. W., & Tsai, W. H. (2014). “Sprinting with small steps” towards promotion: Solutions for the age dilemma in the CCP cadre appointment system. The China Journal, 71, 153–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, W. (1991). Private business in China: Revival between ideology and pragmatism. University of Hawaii Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. K., & Zhang, Y. (2013). The power of instability: Unraveling the microfoundations of bargained authoritarianism in China. American Journal of Sociology, 118(6), 1475–1508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leese, D. (2011). Mao Cult: Rhetoric and ritual in China’s cultural revolution. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, Y. W. (2013). The political consequences of the rise of the Internet: Political beliefs and practices of Chinese netizens. In Political communication in China (pp. 37–68). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibold, J. (2011). Blogging alone: China, the internet, and the democratic illusion? The Journal of Asian Studies, 70(4), 1023–1041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levenson, J. R. (1968). Confucian China and its modern fate: A trilogy. University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, C. (2012). The end of the CCP’s resilient authoritarianism? A tripartite assessment of shifting power in China. The China Quarterly, 211, 595–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. (2000). Power, money, and media: Communication patterns and bureaucratic control in cultural China. Northwestern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, L. (2004). Political trust in rural China. Modern China, 30(2), 228–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L. (2008). Political trust and petitioning in the Chinese countryside. Comparative Politics, 40(2), 209–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., Liu, M., & O’Brien, K. J. (2012). Petitioning Beijing: The high tide of 2003–2006. The China Quarterly, 210, 313–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., & O’brien, K. J. (2008). Protest leadership in rural China. The China Quarterly, 193, 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, P., Zhong, M., Lin, B., & Zhang, H. (2004). Deyu as moral education in modern China: Ideological functions and transformations. Journal of Moral Education, 33(4), 449–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, T., Yang, W., Zhang, H., & Cao, X. (2016). Evaluating the impact of transport investment on the efficiency of regional integrated transport systems in China. Transport Policy, 45, 66–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Link, P. (1992). Evening chats in Beijing: Probing China’s predicament. W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Shao-chi. (1939/1972). How to be a good communist. In Essential works of Chinese communism (2nd ed., W. Chai, Ed., pp. 133–151). Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S. (1991). Selected works of Liu Shaoqi. Foreign Languages Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, X. (2004). Rhetoric of the Chinese cultural revolution: The impact on Chinese thought, culture, and communication. University of South Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, X. (2017). Jottings under lamplight. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, R. (2008). Flatter world and thicker walls? Blogs, censorship and civic discourse in China. Public Choice, 134(1–2), 31–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manin, B. (1997). The principles of representative government. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, T. (1965). On contradiction. Foreign Languages Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mao, T. (2014). Selected works of Mao Tse-tung. Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. (1976). Capital volume I. Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastny, V. (1998). The Cold War and Soviet insecurity: The Stalin years. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, J., Rahman, T., & Somer, M. (2018). Polarization and the global crisis of democracy: Common patterns, dynamics, and pernicious consequences for democratic polities. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1), 16–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michels, R. (1962). Political parties: A study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. Collier Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelson, E. (2007). Climbing the dispute pagoda: Grievances and appeals to the official justice system in rural China. American Sociological Review, 72(3), 459–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michelson, E. (2008). Justice from above or below? Popular strategies for resolving grievances in rural China. The China Quarterly, 193, 43–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minzner, C. F. (2006). Xinfang: An alternative to formal Chinese legal institutions. Stanford Journal of International Law, 42, 103–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra, K. (1998). From post-Maoism to post-Marxism: The erosion of official ideology in Deng’s China. Psychology Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Muis, J., & Immerzeel, T. (2017). Causes and consequences of the rise of populist radical right parties and movements in Europe. Current Sociology, 65(6), 909–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nietzsche, F. (1996). Nietzsche: Human, all too human: A book for free spirits. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nietzsche, F. (2002). Nietzsche: Beyond good and evil: Prelude to a philosophy of the future. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pang, Q. (2014). The “two lines control model” in China’s state and society relations: Central State’s management of Confucian revival in the new century. International Journal of China Studies, 5(3), 627–655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmar, I. (2017). The legitimacy crisis of the US elite and the rise of Donald Trump. Insight Turkey, 19(3), 9–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pei, M. (2012). Is CCP rule fragile or resilient? Journal of Democracy, 23(1), 27–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, E. J. (2001). Challenging the mandate of heaven: Popular protest in modern China. Critical Asian Studies, 33(2), 163–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, B. G., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Local policy-making process in China: A case study. Journal of Chinese Governance, 2(2), 127–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K. (2012). The open society and its enemies. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pye, L. W. (1990). China: Erratic state, frustrated society. Foreign Affairs, 69(4), 56–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, J. L. (1999). Virtual censorship in China: Keeping the gate between the cyberspaces. International Journal of Communications Law and Policy, 4(1), 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed, G. G. (1995). Moral/political education in the People’s Republic of China: Learning through role models. Journal of Moral Education, 24(2), 99–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatier, C., & Lannegrand-Willems, L. (2005). Transmission of family values and attachment: A French three-generation study. Applied Psychology, 54(3), 378–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saich, T. (2010). Governance and politics of China. Macmillan International Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schopenhauer, A. (1998). On the basis of morality. Hackett Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrift, M. (2001). Biography of a Chairman Mao badge: The creation and mass consumption of a personality cult. Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schurmann, F. (1971). Ideology and organization in Communist China. University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz, V. (1986). The Chinese enlightenment: Intellectuals and the legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919. University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shambaugh, D. (2007). China’s propaganda system: Institutions, processes and efficacy. The China Journal, 57, 25–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, R. (2000). Asset stripping in Chinese state-owned enterprises. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 30(1), 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, S. (2015). Should China implement congestion pricing? Chinese Economy, 48(1), 57–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Gift giving, bribery and corruption: Ethical management of business relationships in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 20(2), 121–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, H. A. (1950). The people’s democratic dictatorship in China. Western Political Quarterly, 3(1), 38–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stockmann, D., & Gallagher, M. E. (2011). Remote control: How the media sustain authoritarian rule in China. Comparative Political Studies, 44(4), 436–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, C., Yuan, X., & Xu, M. (2016). The public perceptions and willingness to pay: From the perspective of the smog crisis in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 1635–1644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Y. (1999). Reform, state, and corruption: Is corruption less destructive in China than in Russia? Comparative Politics, 32(1), 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Y. (2004). Corruption and market in contemporary China. Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, W., & Iyengar, S. (2011). The emerging media system in China: Implications for regime change. Political Communication, 28(3), 263–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tong, J. (2009). Press self-censorship in China: A case study in the transformation of discourse. Discourse & Society, 20(5), 593–612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tong, J. (2010). The crisis of the centralized media control theory: How local power controls media in China. Media, Culture & Society, 32(6), 925–942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tong, Y., & Lei, S. (2010). Large-scale mass incidents and government responses in China. International Journal of China Studies, 1(2), 487–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong, Y., & Lei, S. (2013a). Social protest in contemporary China, 2003–2010: Transitional pains and regime legitimacy. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong, Y., & Lei, S. (2013b). War of position and microblogging in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 22(80), 292–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. (1988). Collectivism v. individualism: A reconceptualisation of a basic concept in cross-cultural social psychology. In Cross-cultural studies of personality, attitudes and cognition (pp. 60–95). Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. L., & Weiss, J. C. (2015). The political geography of nationalist protest in China: Cities and the 2012 anti-Japanese protests. The China Quarterly, 222, 403–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F. L. (2017). The China order: Centralia, World Empire, and the nature of Chinese power. SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasserstrom, J. N. (2018). Popular protest and political culture in modern China. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, I., & Jia, L. (2007). Internet and self-regulation in China: The cultural logic of controlled commodification. Media, Culture & Society, 29(5), 772–789.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weingast, B. R. (1997). The political foundations of democracy and the rule of the law. American Political Science Review, 91(2), 245–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wettig, G. (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The emergence and development of East-West conflict, 1939–1953. Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. (1996). Corruption and market reform in China. IDS Bulletin, 27(2), 40–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitfield, S. J. (1996). The culture of the Cold War. JHU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, C. P. (1991). Central–local relations in an era of fiscal decline: The paradox of fiscal decentralization in post-Mao China. The China Quarterly, 128, 691–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woo, W. T. (1999). The real reasons for China’s growth. The China Journal, 41, 115–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, E. O., Levine, A., & Sober, E. (1992). Reconstructing Marxism: Essays on explanation and the theory of history. Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, S. (2014). The revival of Confucianism and the CCP’s struggle for cultural leadership: A content analysis of the People’s Daily, 2000–2009. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(89), 971–991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua. (2014). Xi promises harsher anti-corruption drive [Online]. http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/837556.shtml. Accessed 27 July 2019.

  • Xinhua. (2015). Xi calls for more anti-corruption efforts despite achievements [Online]. http://www.china.org.cn/china/2015-01/14/content_34552119.htm. Accessed 27 July 2019.

  • Yan, J., & Sorenson, R. (2006). The effect of Confucian values on succession in family business. Family Business Review, 19(3), 235–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G. (2014). The return of ideology and the future of Chinese Internet policy. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 31(2), 109–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G., & Jiang, M. (2015). The networked practice of online political satire in China: Between ritual and resistance. International Communication Gazette, 77(3), 215–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, K. (2016). Learning, training, and governing: The CCP’s cadre education since the reform. Journal of Chinese Governance, 1(1), 41–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, T. (2008). The revival of Confucianism in Chinese schools: A historical-political review. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 28(2), 113–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, T., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Confucius and the cultural revolution: A study in collective memory. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 11(2), 189–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, T., & Zou, H. F. (1998). Fiscal decentralization, public spending, and economic growth in China. Journal of Public Economics, 67(2), 221–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X. (2006). Fiscal decentralization and political centralization in China: Implications for growth and inequality. Journal of Comparative Economics, 34(4), 713–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, S. (1998). A state-led nationalism: The patriotic education campaign in post-Tiananmen China. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 31(3), 287–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, X., & Belk, R. W. (2008). Politicizing consumer culture: Advertising’s appropriation of political ideology in China’s social transition. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(2), 231–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X. (2010). The institutional logic of collusion among local governments in China. Modern China, 36(1), 47–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, J. (2008). Why are offices for sale in China? A case study of the office-selling chain in Heilongjiang Province. Asian Survey, 48(4), 558–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University, Shenzhen, China

    Qiyang Liu

Authors
  1. Qiyang Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qiyang Liu .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Liu, Q. (2022). Acceptability in the Chinese Context: Exploratory Interviews. In: Public Acceptability of Congestion Charging in China. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0236-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0236-9_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-19-0235-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-19-0236-9

  • eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation