Abstract
Agriculture is intricately connected with the environment. Agricultural pollutants are numerous; and they originate from different sources. This chapter discusses the different studies conducted by Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM), Kozhikode, Kerala, related to environmental pollution. Water and soil quality of different selected areas of Kerala was monitored. Pesticide residue analysis of samples collected from various parts of Kerala, with special reference to toxic pesticide endosulphan, is reported in the study. Pesticides may additionally leave a serious negative impact on nature, though are of advantage for the crops. This chapter concludes with the different measures that can be adopted to protect, manage, and restore environment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbasi A, Sajid A, Haq N, Rahman S, Misbah ZT, Sanober G, Kazi AG (2014) Agricultural pollution: an emerging issue. In: Improvement of crops in the era of climatic changes. Springer, New York, pp 347–387
Aktar W, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A (2009) Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip Toxicol 2(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7
APHA (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st edn. American Public Health Association, Washington
APHA (2012) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd edn. American Public Health Association, Washington
Arias-Estevez M, Lopez- Periago E, Martinez-Carballo E, Simal-Gandara J, Mejuto JC, Garcia-Rio L (2008) The mobility and degradation of pesticides in soils and the pollution of groundwater resources. Agric Ecosyst Environ 123(4):247–260
Babu V, Anuradha V and Nair SM (2008) Seasonal and temporal variation of cyclodiene pesticides in the sediments of Kuttanad backwaters. In: Proceedings of the 20th Kerala science congress 28–31, January, Trivandram, pp 553–545
Bindu K R, Harikumar PS (2007) Assessment of eutrophication process of Vembanad wetland using dynamic model. In: Proceedings of the 19th Kerala science congress, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Thiruvananthapuram, pp 716–718
Emilie Cassou (2018) The challenge of agricultural pollution: evidence from China, Vietnam, and the Philippines. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1201-9. Accessed 30 Nov 2020
FAO (2012) Food and agriculture data. Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. faostat@fao.org. Accessed 15 Nov 2020
FAO (2017) Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. The future of food and agriculture: trends and challenges, Rome. http://faostat.fao.org. Accessed 21 Nov 2020
Fernandez MF (2007) Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and prenatal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a nested case-control study. Environ Health Perspect 115(1):8–14
Ghadiri H (2001) Degradation of endosulfan in a clay soil from cotton farms of Western Queensland. J Environ Manag 62(2):155–169
Govt. of Kerala (2016) An analytical study on agriculture in Kerala. Monitoring and Evaluation Division, Directorate of Agriculture, Trivandrum, Kerala
Harikumar PS, Jesitha K (2016) Nano-phytotechnological remediation of endosulfan using Zero valent iron nanoparticles. J Environ Prot 7:734–744. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2016.75066
Harikumar PS, Nasir UP (2011) Ecotoxicity and ecosystem health of a Ramsar Wetland system of India. J Environ Prot 2:710–719
Harikumar PS, Nasir UP, Mujeebu Rahman MP (2009) Distribution of heavy metals in the core sediments of a tropical wetland system. Int J Environ Sci Technol 6(2):225–232
Harikumar PS, Jesitha K, Sreechithra M (2013) Remediation of endosulphan by biotic and abiotic methods. J Environ Prot 4:418–425. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.45050
Harikumar PS, Jesitha K, Megha T, Kokkal K (2014) Persistence of endosulphan in selected areas of Kasaragod District, Kerala. Curr Sci 106(10):1421–1429
Indira Devi P (2010) Economic & political weekly, June 26, Vol XLV Nos 26 and 27. Accessed 25 Oct 2020
Ingham RE, Trofymow JA, Ingham ER, Coleman DC (1985) Interactions of bacteria, fungi, and their nematode grazers: effects on nutrient cycling and plant growth. Ecol Monogr 55:119–140
James EJ (2009) Water related environmental problems of Kerala. Water Scenario of Kerala, KEC, CED
Jesitha K, Nimisha KM, Manjusha CM, Harikumar PS (2015) Biodegradation of endosulphan by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Environ Process 2(1):225–240
Kerala State Land Use Board (2006) Proceedings of the symposium on need for better natural resources management
Kole RK, Bagchi MM (1995) Pesticide residues in the aquatic environment and their possible ecological hazards. J Inland Fish Soc India 27(2):79–89
Kole RK, Banerjee H, Bhattacharyya A (2001) Monitoring of market fish samples for endosulfan and hexachlorocyclohexane residues in and around Calcutta. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 67:554–559
Koyama J (1996) Vertebral deformity susceptibilities of marine fishes exposed to herbicide. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 56:655–662
KSCSTE (2011) Report on monitoring of endosulfan residues in the 11 panchayats of Kasaragod district, Kerala. Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment Sasthra Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram
Lakshmanan PT, Shynamma CS, Balchand AN, Nambisan PNK (1987) Distribution and variability of nutrients incochin backwaters, SW coast of India. Indian J Mar Sci 16:99–102
Leena SK, Choudhary SPK (2011) Organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides residues in water of River Ganga at Bhagalpur, Bihar, India. Int J Res Chem Environ 1(1):77–84
Mathur SC (1999) Future of Indian pesticides industry in next millennium. Pestic Inform 24(4):9–23
Muralidharan N, Ajayakumar Varma R (2002) A review of the pollution problems in the wetlands of Kerala and management options, in Wetland Conservation and Management in Kerala. STEC
Nair SR, Unni PN (1993) Environmental status report. Kerala State Pollution Control Board, Thiruvananthapuram
NIOH (2002) Final report of the investigation of unusual illnesses allegedly produced by endosulfan exposure in Padre village of Kasargod district (N. Kerala). National Institute of Occupational Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ahmedabad
Ormad P, Cortes S, Puig A, Ovelleiro JL (1997) Degradation of organochlorine compounds by O3 and O3/H2O2. Water Res 31(9):2387–2391
PAN (2007) Alternatives to synthetic pesticides in agriculture. A PAN International Position Paper—Working Group 4
Parris K (2011) Impact of agriculture on water pollution in OECD countries: recent trends and future prospects. Int J Water Resour Dev 27(1):33–52
Savonen C (1997) Soil microorganisms object of new OSU service. Good Fruit Grower. http://www.goodfruit.com/archive/1995/6other.html
Sharma VP (2011) India’s agricultural development under the new economic regime: policy perspective and strategy for the 12th five year plan. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmadabad
Spalding R, Exner M (1993) Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater. J Environ Qual 22:392–402
Swaminathan M S ( 2007) Measures to mitigate Agrarian distress in Alappuzha and Kuttanad Wetland Ecosystem. A study report. M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418(6898):671–677
U.S. Geological Survey (1999) The quality of our nation’s waters—nutrients and pesticides. Circular 1225. Reston VA: USGS. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/circ1225
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1996) Groundwater: a threatened resource. UNEP Environment Library No. 15, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya
USEPA (1989) Report, determination of chlorinated pesticides in water by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
USEPA (1994) Method 8080A. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography, Revision 1.0 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
USEPA (1995) Method 508.1. Determination of chlorinated pesticides, herbicides, and organohalides by liquid-solid extraction and electron capture gas chromatography. Revision 2.0. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
USEPA (1996) Reregistration eligibility decision (RED): trifluralin. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC
USEPA (2001a) Removal of endocrine disruptor chemicals using drinking water treatment processes. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
USEPA (2001b) The incorporation of water treatment effects on pesticide removal and transformations in Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Drinking Water Assessments. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
USEPA (2002) Reregistration eligibility decision for endosulfan. Prevention, pesticides and toxic substances (7508C). EPA 738-R-02-013
Vidal MJL, Frias MM, Frenich GA (2000) Trace determination of a- and b-endosulfan and three metabolites in human serum by gas chromatography electron capture detection and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 14(11):939–946
Ward MH, Jones RR, Brender JD, De Kok TM, Weyer PJ, Nolan BT, Van Breda SG (2018) Drinking water nitrate and human health: an updated review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(7):1557
Waskom R (1994) Best management practices for private well protection.Colorado State Univ. Cooperative Extension (August). http://hermes.ecn.purdue.edu:8001/cgi/convertwq?7488
Winteringham FPW (1984) Environment and chemicals in agriculture. Proceedings of the symposium held in Dublin,15–17. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New York
Zhang L, Yan C, Guo Q, Zhang J, Ruiz-Menjivar J (2018) The impact of agricultural chemical inputs on environment: global evidence from informetrics analysis and visualization. Int J Low-Carbon Technol 13(4):338–352
Zhao M, Zhang Y, Wang C, Fu Z, Liu W, Gan J (2009) Induction of macrophage apoptosis by an organochlorine insecticide acetofenate. Chem Res Toxicol 22:504–510
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jesitha, K., Shiji, M., Harikumar, P.S. (2022). Agriculture Pollution in Kerala, India, with Special Reference to Endosulphan. In: Naeem, M., Bremont, J.F.J., Ansari, A.A., Gill, S.S. (eds) Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9310-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9310-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-9309-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-9310-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)