Abstract
The chapter also discusses the location, tissue structure of parathyroid glands, and important functions of PTH. PTH performs its functions in coordination with calcitonin and the active forms vitamin D to regulate calcium levels in the circulation. On another hand, bone is commonly known as a passive tissue, it is recently reported as an endocrine organ produces regulators, osteocalcin hormone, sclerostin and lipocalin that integrate with PTH and influences other metabolic functions. Calcium metabolism regulating hormones, PTH, PTHrP-1, and their derivatives roles have been explained through their receptors in the bones, intestines, kidney tissue, placenta, and breasts as well heart. Physiological functions of biologically active forms of vitamin D are discussed with different origin cell types for parathyroid differentiation. PTH has paradoxical and therapeutic effect as anabolic hormone on bone formation. The integration between PTH, calcitonin, and vitamin D active forms is significantly required for the formation and remodeling of the bone and on stem cell and hematopoietic progenitor cells differentiation. Different origins for parathyroid differentiation are established from endoderm, thymus, tonsil, and adipocytes which lead to optimism management of parathyroid diseases and treatment.
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Abbreviations
- 1,25(OH) 2D3:
-
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (3)
- 1,25(OH)2D:
-
25-dihydroxyvitamin D
- 1-α hydroxylase:
-
1-alpha hydroxylase
- 20(OH) D3:
-
20-hydroxyvitamin D (3)
- 24,25(OH)2D:
-
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
- 25(OH)D:
-
25-hydroxyvitamin D
- APUD:
-
Amine precursor uptake decarboxylase
- C cell:
-
Parafollicular cell
- Ca2/Ca2+:
-
Calcium ions
- CaSR:
-
Calcium-sensing receptor
- CGRP:
-
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
- ERS:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum stress
- H&E :
-
Hematoxylin and eosin
- HCO3−:
-
Bicarbonate
- hPTH:
-
Human parathormone
- IL-6:
-
Interleukin-6
- IMD:
-
Intermedin
- Osteoblast:
-
Bone-forming cell
- Osteoclast:
-
Bone-reabsorbing cell
- P450:
-
A cytochrome
- PTH:
-
Parathormone (also known as parathyroid hormone)
- PTHR1:
-
Parathormone receptor 1
- PTHrP:
-
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
- PTHrP-1:
-
Parathyroid hormone-related protein-1
- rhPTH:
-
Recombinant human parathyroid hormone
- VDR:
-
Vitamin D receptor
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Al-Suhaimi, E.A. (2022). Bone Remodeling Physiology: Regulation of Parathyroid Glands, C Cells, Vitamin D, and Bone as an Endocrine Organ. In: Al-Suhaimi, E.A. (eds) Emerging Concepts in Endocrine Structure and Functions. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9016-7_6
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