Abstract
The past century has seen a remarkable rise in personal mobility and heavy goods transport. The development of the internal combustion engine has played a pivotal role in this development. Significant progress has been made in improving engine efficiency and reducing emissions. However, further improvements are necessary in order to meet local zero emission regulation as well as global climate goals. A rapid transition to renewable energy sources is key, enabling clean electricity generation and widespread deployment of sustainable fuels. Every country has a role to play. Developing nations must learn to become less dependent on fossil fuels as they grow their economies and industrialized nations must continue their sustainability journey and quickly transfer critical knowledge and lessons learned. Technologies should be assessed in terms of their life cycle impact and not simply their tailpipe emissions. As we consider the wide range of disparate applications across the transportation sector, we would be wise to embrace a fact-driven approach, keeping multiple options open and to build on past successes. Rather that betting it all on a single technology, a diverse mix of low-carbon technologies should be pursued.
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Notes
- 1.
The Global Positioning System enables localization by triangulating information from satellites.
- 2.
Potential energy sources for an Organic Rankine Cycle based waste heat recovery system include engine exhaust, EGR, engine coolant and charge air coolers.
- 3.
It is not unusual for large ship diesel engines, operating at constant speed and load, to achieve in excess of 50% BTE.
- 4.
The criteria pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
- 5.
Assumes renewable energy is used in the production process.
- 6.
SMR production of hydrogen can be made carbon neutral by capturing the CO2 produced. Hydrogen obtained this way is referred to as ‘blue hydrogen’.
- 7.
There are exceptions, such as the Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO) battery, which is named after its anode material.
- 8.
The presence of a battery is important in providing adequate transient response for the FCEV, since the fuel cell itself is limited in this respect.
- 9.
The time it takes to fill up a FCEV is comparable to that of an ICEV, whereas BEVs are an order of magnitude higher. However, proper pre-cooling of the hydrogen is required.
- 10.
Temperature control is very important for the fuel cell stack. The operating temperature for a PEMFC is the range of 50–100 °C, whereas it can be up to 1000 °C for a solid oxide fuel cell.
- 11.
Lifetime vehicle mileage of 225,000 km was assumed in this study.
- 12.
A salar is a salt desert resulting from raw material extraction from salt water.
- 13.
Chlorofluorocarbons is a family of chemicals that has seen widespread use in refrigeration and as propellants in aerosol cans. Their role in destroying the ozone layer became widely known in the 1980s.
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Hergart, C. (2022). Sustainable Transportation. In: Kalghatgi, G., Agarwal, A.K., Leach, F., Senecal, K. (eds) Engines and Fuels for Future Transport. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8717-4_2
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