Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Protective Effect of Probiotic in Alcohol-Induced Liver Disorders

Role of Probiotics in Alcohol-Induced Liver Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Probiotic Research in Therapeutics

Abstract

The major key culprit which produces burden on liver is concerned with abnormal dietary habits include high fat, high fructose rich products, and alcohol beverages. Thus, on the basis of dietary culprits, liver disorders are classified into two broad categories which include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic fatty liver disease. The alcohol consumption not only alter the physiological function of the liver but also affect the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota includes bacteria, fungi, and archaea which co-evolved to live in the human gut which helps in the regulation of various physiological activities and they together play a vigorous role in the management of numerous metabolic disorders. Alcohol produces deleterious effect on the natural gut microbiota which leads to microbial dysbiosis resulting into increased gut permeability to bacterial endotoxins. The chronic disruption of normal gut microbiota due to alcohol consumption produces various pathological effects like oxidative stress, inflammation and interferes with fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF) and modulates lipid metabolism ultimately causes fatty liver, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. The therapeutic trends have now shifted towards the probiotics treatment which contains live microbial preparations that modify or restore the gut microflora and help in the treatment of alcohol-induced liver disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bajaj JS (2019) Alcohol, liver disease and the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 16(4):235–246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bluemel S et al (2020) Intestinal and hepatic microbiota changes associated with chronic ethanol administration in mice. Gut Microbes 11(3):265–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boden EK, Snapper SB (2008) Regulatory T cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 24(6):733–741

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bull-Otterson L et al (2013) Metagenomic analyses of alcohol induced pathogenic alterations in the intestinal microbiome and the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment. PLoS One 8(1):e53028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cassard AM, Ciocan D (2018) Microbiota, a key player in alcoholic liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 24(2):100–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceccarelli S, Nobili V, Alisi A (2014) Toll-like receptor-mediated signaling cascade as a regulator of the inflammation network during alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 20(44):16,443–16,451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen P et al (2015) Supplementation of saturated long-chain fatty acids maintains intestinal eubiosis and reduces ethanol-induced liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology 148(1):203–214 e16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP (2005) Bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. Nat Rev Microbiol 3(10):777–788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhiman RK et al (2014) Probiotic VSL#3 reduces liver disease severity and hospitalization in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, controlled trial. Gastroenterology 147(6):1327–37 e3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doron S, Gorbach SL (2006) Probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 4(2):261–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ewaschuk J et al (2007) Probiotic bacteria prevent hepatic damage and maintain colonic barrier function in a mouse model of sepsis. Hepatology 46(3):841–850

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floch MH et al (2011) Recommendations for probiotic use-2011 update. J Clin Gastroenterol 45(Suppl):S168–S171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca-Camarillo G, Yamamoto-Furusho JK (2015) Immunoregulatory pathways involved in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 21(9):2188–2193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth CB, Farhadi A, Jakate SM, Tang Y, Shaikh M, Keshavarzian A (2009) Lactobacillus GG treatment ameliorates alcohol-induced intestinal oxidative stress, gut leakiness, and liver injury in a rat model of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Alcohol 43(2):163–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gu Z, Liu Y, Hu S, You Y, Wen J, Li W, Wang Y (2019) Probiotics for alleviating alcoholic alcoholic liver injury. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton-Miller JM (2003) The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22(4):360–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann P, Seebauer CT, Schnabl B (2015) Alcoholic liver disease: the gut microbiome and liver cross talk. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 39(5):763–775

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hempel S et al (2011) Safety of probiotics used to reduce risk and prevent or treat disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 200:1–645

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong M et al (2019) Are probiotics effective in targeting alcoholic liver diseases? Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 11(2):335–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imani Fooladi AA et al (2013) Probiotic as a novel treatment strategy against liver disease. Hepat Mon 13(2):e7521

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Inagaki T et al (2006) Regulation of antibacterial defense in the small intestine by the nuclear bile acid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(10):3920–3925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kirpich IA, McClain CJ (2012) Probiotics in the treatment of the liver diseases. J Am Coll Nutr 31(1):14–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirpich IA et al (2008) Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: a pilot study. Alcohol 42(8):675–682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert JC, Zhou Z, Wang L, Song Z, Mcclain CJ, Kang YJ (2003) Prevention of alterations in intestinal permeability is involved in zinc inhibition of acute ethanol-induced liver damage in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305(3):880–886

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lata J et al (2007) The effect of probiotics on gut flora, level of endotoxin and child-Pugh score in cirrhotic patients: results of a double-blind randomized study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19(12):1111–1113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leclercq S et al (2014) Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(42):E4485–E4493

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee YK, Salminen S (2009) Handbook of probiotics and prebiotics. John Wiley & Sons

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Xu S, Mihaylova MM, Zheng B, Hou X, Jiang B, Park O, Luo Z, Lefai E, Shyy JY, Gao B (2011) AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits SREBP activity to attenuate hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis in diet-induced insulin-resistant mice. Cell Metab 13(4):376–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lilly DM, Stillwell RH (1965) Probiotics: growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science 147(3659):747–748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y et al (2017) Lipopolysaccharide downregulates macrophage-derived IL-22 to modulate alcohol-induced hepatocyte cell death. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 313(3):C305–C313

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y et al (2020) Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents liver fibrosis through inhibiting hepatic bile acid synthesis and enhancing bile acid excretion in mice. Hepatology 71(6):2050–2066

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loguercio C et al (2002) Gut-liver axis: a new point of attack to treat chronic liver damage? Am J Gastroenterol 97(8):2144–2146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loguercio C, Federico A, Tuccillo C, Terracciano F, D'Auria MV, De Simone C, Blanco CD (2005) Beneficial effects of a probiotic VSL# 3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol 39(6):540–543

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen KL (2001) The use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease. Can J Gastroenterol 15(12):817–822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandrekar P, Szabo G (2009) Signalling pathways in alcohol-induced liver inflammation. J Hepatol 50(6):1258–1266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marco ML, Pavan S, Kleerebezem M (2006) Towards understanding molecular modes of probiotic action. Curr Opin Biotechnol 17(2):204–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markowiak P, Slizewska K (2017) Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients 9(9)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marotta F, Barreto R, Wu CC, Naito Y, Gelosa F, Lorenzetti A, Yoshioka M, Fesce E (2005) Experimental acute alcohol pancreatitis-related liver damage and endotoxemia: synbiotics but not metronidazole have a protective effect. Chin J Dig Dis 6(4):193–197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazagova M et al (2015) Commensal microbiota is hepatoprotective and prevents liver fibrosis in mice. FASEB J 29(3):1043–1055

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meroni M, Longo M, Dongiovanni P (2019) Alcohol or gut microbiota: who is the guilty? Int J Mol Sci 20(18)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollenbrink M, Bruckschen E (1994) Treatment of chronic constipation with physiologic Escherichia coli bacteria. Results of a clinical study of the effectiveness and tolerance of microbiological therapy with the E. coli Nissle 1917 strain (Mutaflor). Med Klin (Munich) 89(11):587–593

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mutlu E et al (2009) Intestinal dysbiosis: a possible mechanism of alcohol-induced endotoxemia and alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33(10):1836–1846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nanji AA, Khettry U, Sadrzadeh SH (1994 Mar) Lactobacillus feeding reduces endotoxemia and severity of experimental alcoholic liver (disease). Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 205(3):243–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parada Venegas D et al (2019) Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Immunol 10:277

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perdigon G et al (1995) Immune system stimulation by probiotics. J Dairy Sci 78(7):1597–1606

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raedsch R et al (1983) Hepatic secretion of bilirubin and biliary lipids in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. Digestion 26(2):80–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi P et al (2011) Probiotics and oral health. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2(1):6–9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders ME et al (2019) Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 16(10):605–616

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarin SK, Pande A, Schnabl B (2019) Microbiome as a therapeutic target in alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 70(2):260–272

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segawa S, Wakita Y, Hirata H, Watari J (2008) Oral administration of heat-killed lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 ameliorates alcoholic liver disease in ethanol-containing diet-fed C57BL/6N mice. Int J Food Microbiol 128(2):371–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Servin AL (2004) Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 28(4):405–440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP et al (2013) Role of probiotics in health and disease: a review. J Pak Med Assoc 63(2):253–257

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stadlbauer V, Mookerjee RP, Hodges S, Wright GA, Davies NA, Jalan R (2008) Effect of probiotic treatment on deranged neutrophil function and cytokine responses in patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 48(6):945–951

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teare JP et al (1993) Detection of antibodies to acetaldehyde-albumin conjugates in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol 28(1):11–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thurman RG, Bradford BU, Iimuro Y, Knecht KT, Arteel GE, Yin M, Connor HD, Wall C, Raleigh JA, Frankenberg MV, Adachi Y (1998 Sep) The role of gut-derived bacterial toxins and free radicals in alcohol-induced liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(S1):S39–S50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuma DJ et al (1998) Chronic ethanol ingestion impairs TGF-alpha-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation. Alcohol 15(3):233–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y et al (2011) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment potentiates intestinal hypoxia-inducible factor, promotes intestinal integrity and ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury. Am J Pathol 179(6):2866–2875

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y et al (2012) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG culture supernatant ameliorates acute alcohol-induced intestinal permeability and liver injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 303(1):G32–G41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Waris S et al (2020) Acetaldehyde-induced oxidative modifications and morphological changes in isolated human erythrocytes: an in vitro study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27(14):16268–16281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams NT (2010) Probiotics. Am J Health Syst Pharm 67(6):449–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhouse CA et al (2018) Review article: the gut microbiome as a therapeutic target in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 47(2):192–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yan AW et al (2011) Enteric dysbiosis associated with a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 53(1):96–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zakhari S (2006) Overview: how is alcohol metabolized by the body? Alcohol Res Health 29(4):245–254

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Wang C, Wang C, Zhao H, Zhao C, Chen Y, Wang Y, McClain C, Feng W (2015) Enhanced AMPK phosphorylation contributes to the beneficial effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant on chronic-alcohol-induced fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 26(4):337–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Rajpura, Punjab, India

    Onkar Bedi & Thakur Gurjeet Singh

  2. Department of Molecular and cellular Medicine, Institute of liver and biliary sciences, New Delhi, India

    Sudrishti Chaudhary

Authors
  1. Onkar Bedi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sudrishti Chaudhary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Onkar Bedi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Kanwaljit Chopra

  2. National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Punjab, India

    Mahendra Bishnoi

  3. National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Punjab, India

    Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bedi, O., Chaudhary, S., Singh, T.G. (2022). Protective Effect of Probiotic in Alcohol-Induced Liver Disorders. In: Chopra, K., Bishnoi, M., Kondepudi, K.K. (eds) Probiotic Research in Therapeutics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8444-9_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation