Abstract
Employing of biodegradable polymers and reinforcements for the development of composites is important for the reduction of environmental problems of non-biodegradable and petro-based polymers. Completely biodegradable composites (biocomposites, ecocomposites or green composites) are composed of natural fibers and natural matrices or synthetic biodegradable matrices. Completely biodegradable composites can replace synthetic fiber based composites due to excellent mechanical properties, low cost and low density. However, biodegradable composites have hydrophilic nature thus, tend to absorb a significant amount of moisture. Mechanical properties of biodegradable composites immersed in water degrade over time limiting the potential applications of these materials. Not only mechanical properties of biodegradable composites but also dimensions of biodegradable composites are affected by water content. Therefore, in this chapter, the works about processing, applications and water aging of completely biodegradable polymer composites were presented. Also, the results derived from literature studies after water aging of completely biodegradable polymer composites were stated.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adesina OT, Jamiru T, Sadiku ER et al (2019) Water absorption and thermal degradation behavior of graphene reinforced poly(lactic) acid nanocomposite. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 627:012015
Ali SZ, Nahian MK, Islam MA (2018) Effect of fiber content and post stress on moisture absorption of jute polyester composite. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 438:012024
Almgren KM, Gamstedt EK, Berthold F et al (2009) Moisture uptake and hygroexpansion of wood fiber composite materials with polylactide and polypropylene matrix materials. Polym Compos 30:1809–1816
Alvarez VA, Vázquez A (2004) Effect of water sorption on the flexural properties of a fully biodegradable composite. J Compos Mater 38:1165–1181
Avérous L (2004) Biodegradable multiphase systems based on plasticized starch: a review. J Macromol Sci C Polym Reviews 44:231–274
Azwa ZN, Yousif BF, Manalo AC et al (2013) A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres. Mater Des 47:424–442
Betancourt NG, Cree DE (2017) Mechanical properties of poly (lactic acid) composites reinforced with CaCO3 eggshell based fillers. MRS Adv 2545–2550
Bledzki AK, Reihmane S, Gassan J (1998) Thermoplastics reinforced with wood fillers: a literature review. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 37:451–468
Bruni GP, de Oliveira JP, Fonseca LM et al (2020) Biocomposite films based on phosphorylated wheat starch and cellulose nanocrystals from rice, oat, and eucalyptus husks. Starch 72:1900051
Chan CM, Vandi L-J, Pratt S et al (2020) Mechanical stability of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based wood plastic composites (WPCs). J Polym Environ 28:1571–1577
Chen H, Miao M, Ding X (2009) Influence of moisture absorption on the interfacial strength of bamboo/vinylester composites. Compos Part A 40:2013–2019
Chethana M, Prashantha K, Siddaramaiah, (2015) Studies on thermal behavior, moisture absorption, and biodegradability of ginger spent incorporated polyurethane green composites. J Appl Polym Sci 132:41614
Crank J (1975) The mathematics of diffusion. Bristol, England
Cree D, Rutter A (2015) Sustainable bio-inspired limestone eggshell powder for potential industrialized applications. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:941–949
Czaja WK, Young DJ, Kawecki M et al (2007) The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications. Biomacromol 8:1–12
Davies P, Choqueuse D (2008) Ageing of composite in marine vessels. In: Martin R (ed) Ageing of composites. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge
Dhakal HN, Zhang ZY, Richardson MOW (2007) Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol 67:1674–1683
Dhakal HN, Ismail SO, Zhang Z et al (2018) Development of sustainable biodegradable lignocellulosic hemp fiber/polycaprolactone biocomposites for light weight applications. Compos Part A 113:350–358
Farag MM (2017) Design and manufacture of biodegradable products from renewable resources. In: Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Kessler MR (eds) Handbook of composites from renewable materials, vol 2. Wiley, New York
Fontana JD, Joerke CG, Baron M et al (1997) Acetobacter cellulosic biofilms search for new modulators of cellulogenesis and native membrane treatments. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 63–65:327–338
Fu Z, Wei W, Jin T et al (2015) Moisture absorption properties of biomimetic laminated boards made from cross-linking starch/maize stalk fiber. Int J Agric Biol Eng 8:65–71
Gabr MH, Phong NT, Abdelkareem MA et al (2013) Mechanical, thermal, and moisture absorption properties of nano-clay reinforced nano-cellulose biocomposites. Cellulose 20:819–826
Gáspár M, Zs B, Dogossy G et al (2005) Reducing water absorption in compostable starch-based plastics. Polym Degrad Stabil 90:563–569
Gautier L, Mortaigne B, Bellenger V (1999) Interface damage study of hydro-thermally aged glass-fibre-reinforced polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol 59:2329–2337
Grammatikos SA, Zafari B, Evernden MC et al (2015) Moisture uptake characteristics of a pultruded fibre reinforced polymer flat sheet subjected to hot/wet aging. Polym Degrad Stab 121:407–419
Hill CAS, Norton A, Newman G (2009) The water vapor sorption behavior of natural fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 112:1524–1537
Hossain MK, Dewan MW, Hosur MV et al (2011) Physical, mechanical, and degradability properties of chemically treated jute fiber reinforced biodegradable nanocomposites. J Eng Mater Technol 133:041003
Jiang N, Yu T, Li Y et al (2019) Hygrothermal aging and structural damage of a jute/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composite observed by X-ray tomography. Compos Sci Technol 173:15–23
Khalili P, Liu X, Zhao Z et al (2019) Fully biodegradable composites: thermal, flammability, moisture absorption and mechanical properties of natural fibre-reinforced composites. Materials 12:1145
Kim H-S, Yang H-S, Kim H-J (2005) Biodegradability and mechanical properties of agro-flour-filled polybutylene succinate biocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 97:1513–1521
Kuram (2019) Thermal and water ageing effect on mechanical, rheological and morphological properties of glass-fibrereinforced poly(oxymethylene) composite. Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mech Eng 233:211–224
Le Duigou A, Davies P, Baley C (2013) Exploring durability of interfaces in flax fibre/epoxy micro-composites. Compos Part A 48:121–128
Le Duigou A, Bourmaud A, Davies P et al (2014) Long term immersion in natural seawater of Flax/PLA biocomposite. Ocean Eng 90:140–148
Lee JM, Ishak ZAM, Taib RM et al (2013) Mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties of kenaf-fiber-based polypropylene and poly(butylene succinate) composites. J Polym Environ 21:293–302
Liu L, Yu J, Cheng L et al (2009) Biodegradability of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composite reinforced with jute fibre. Polym Degrad Stabil 94:90–94
Malik N, Shrivastava S, Ghosh S B (2018) Moisture absorption behaviour of biopolymer polycapralactone (PCL)/organo modified montmorillonite clay (OMMT) biocomposite films. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 346:012027
Mazur K, Kuciel S (2019) Mechanical and hydrothermal aging behaviour of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) composites reinforced by natural fibres. Molecules 24:3538
Mercy JL, Velmurugan R, Sasipraba T et al (2020) Neurofuzzy modelling of moisture absorption kinetics and its effect on the mechanical properties of pineapple fibre-reinforced polypropylene composite. J Compos Mater 54:899–912
Nair AB, Sivasubramanian P, Balakrishnan P et al (2014) Environmental effects, biodegradation, and life cycle analysis of fully biodegradable ‘‘green’’ composites. In: Thomas S, Joseph K, Malhotra SK et al (eds) Polymer composite, vol 3. Wiley, New York
Onal L, Cozien-Cazuc S, Jones IA et al (2008) Water absorption properties of phosphate glass fiber-reinforced poly-ε-caprolactone composites for craniofacial bone repair. J Appl Polym Sci 107:3750–3755
Petchwattana N, Covavisaruch S, Wibooranawong S et al (2016) Antimicrobial food packaging prepared from poly (butylene succinate) and zinc oxide. Measurement 93:442–448
Petchwattana N, Sanetuntikul J, Sriromreun P et al (2017) Wood plastic composites prepared from biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) and Burma padauk sawdust (pterocarpus macrocarpus): water absorption kinetics and sunlight exposure investigations. J Bionic Eng 14:781–790
Radkar SS, Amiri A, Ulven CA (2019) Tensile behavior and diffusion of moisture through flax fibers by desorption method. Sustainability 11:3558
RamÃrez MGL, Satyanarayana KG, Iwakiri S et al (2011) Study of the properties of biocomposites. Part I. Cassava starch-green coir fibers from Brazil. Carbohyd Polym 86:1712–1722
Regazzi A, Corn S, Ienny P et al (2016a) Coupled hydro-mechanical aging of short flax fiber reinforced composites. Polym Degrad Stab 130:300–306
Regazzi A, Corn S, Ienny P et al (2016b) Reversible and irreversible changes in physical and mechanical properties of biocomposites during hydrothermal aging. Ind Crop Prod 84:358–365
Robert M, Roy R, Benmokrane B (2010) Environmental effects on glass fiber reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic composite laminate for structural applications. Polym Compos 31:604–611
Roy SB, Ramaraj B, Shit SC (2011) Polypropylene and potato starch biocomposites: physicomechanical and thermal properties. J Appl Polym Sci 120:3078–3086
Saleh AA, Saleh MA, Al Haron MH et al (2017) Insights into the effect of moisture absorption and fiber content on the mechanical behavior of starch-date-palm fiber composites. Starch 69:1600254
Sature P, Mache A (2017) Experimental and numerical study on moisture diffusion phenomenon of natural fiber based composites. Mater Today: Proc 4:10293–10297
Shahzad A, Isaac DH (2014) Weathering of lignocellulosic polymer composites. In: Thakur VK (ed) Lignocellulosic polymer composites: processing, characterization, and properties. Wiley, New York
Shen C-H, Springer GS (1976) Moisture absorption and desorption of composite materials. J Compos Mater 10:2–20
Shi D, Wang R (2017) The test of tensile properties and water resistance of a novel cross-linked starch prepared by adding oil-flax. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 274:012047
Singh I, Debnath K, Dvivedi A (2014) Mechanical behavior of biocomposites under different operating environments. In: Thakur V K (ed) Lignocellulosic polymer composites: processing, characterization, and properties. Wiley, New York
Smoca A (2019) Water absorption properties of hemp fibres reinforced PLA bio-composites. Eng Rural Develop 1079–1083
Spiridon I, Leluk K, Resmerita AM et al (2015) Evaluation of PLA-lignin bioplastics properties before and after accelerated weathering. Compos B Eng 69:342–349
Syed MA, Siddaramaiah SRT et al (2010) Investigation on physico-mechanical properties, water, thermal and chemical ageing of unsaturated polyester/turmeric spent composites. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 49:555–559
Taib RM, Ramarad S, Ishak ZAM et al (2010) Properties of kenaf fiber/polylactic acid biocomposites plasticized with polyethylene glycol. Polym Compos 31:1213–1222
Thirmizir MZA, Ishak ZAM, Taib RM et al (2011) Kenaf-bast-fiber-filled biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) composites: effects of fiber loading, fiber length, and maleated poly(butylene succinate) on the flexural and impact properties. J Appl Polym Sci 122:3055–3063
Wan YZ, Hong L, Jia SR et al (2006) Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite-bacterial cellulose nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 66:1825–1832
Wan YZ, Huang Y, Yuan CD et al (2007) Biomimetic synthesis of hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C 27:855–864
Wan YZ, Luo H, He F et al (2009) Mechanical, moisture absorption, and biodegradation behaviours of bacterial cellulose fibre-reinforced starch biocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 69:1212–1217
Wang H, Ji J, Zhang W et al (2009) Biocompatibility and bioactivity of plasma-treated biodegradable poly(butylene succinate). Acta Biomater 5:279–287
Wu C-S (2015) Renewable resource-based green composites of surface-treated spent coffee grounds and polylactide: Characterisation and biodegradability. Polym Degrad Stabil 121:51–59
Zhang F, Wu N, Tong J et al (2009) Preparation and flexural properties of biomimetic laminated boards made from starch and maize stalk fiber. Int J Agric Biol Eng 2:24–31
Živković I, Fragassa C, Pavlović et al (2017) Influence of moisture absorption on the impact properties of flax, basalt and hybrid flax/basalt fiber reinforced green composites. Compos Part B 111:148–164
Acknowledgements
Words cannot describe how grateful I am to my doctor interventional neurologist Assoc. Prof. Hasan Huseyin Karadeli for giving me a second chance in life after my brain operation. Without his operation and treatment, I would be unable to do all the things I am able do now. I am forever grateful to him for saving my life in August 2019. I also dedicate this chapter to my family and Assoc. Prof. Hasan Huseyin Karadeli.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kuram, E. (2022). Degradation Effects of Completely Biodegradable Composites to Moisture Absorption and Water Aging. In: Muthukumar, C., Krishnasamy, S., Thiagamani, S.M.K., Siengchin, S. (eds) Aging Effects on Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites. Composites Science and Technology . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8360-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8360-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-8359-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-8360-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)