Abstract
Rhizomatous plants have been sources of remedy and were used widely as dietary spices and flavor. Their effects as immunomodulators are also documented. Several studies have confirmed that both Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) have a vast array of medicinal and immunomodulatory properties. Curcumin, which is one of the main curcuminoids of Curcuma longa, possesses various pharmacological properties, including immunomodulatory activities. Similarly, Zingiber officinale has a history of medicinal use for over 2500 years as one of the most versatile medicinal plants, which is traced to its bioactive compounds such as gingerol, paradol, shogaols, etc. The extracts and/or bioactive compounds from those plants are promising drug candidates against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, bacterial infection, Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer, partly via their immunomodulatory properties. Several studies have identified some of the bioactive compounds in Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale rhizomes as potential inhibitors of the novel coronaviruses responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Such bioactive compounds are eligible for further investigation of the potential to treat COVID-19 patients effectively. This chapter describes the regulation of immune responses by rhizomatous Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale for the treatment of diseases of diverse origin.
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Abbreviations
- ACE-2:
-
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AIF:
-
Apoptosis-inducing factor
- AKT:
-
Protein kinase B
- AP-1:
-
Activator protein-1
- Bax:
-
Bcl-2-associated X
- Bcl-2:
-
Inhibits B cell lymphoma-2
- Bcl-xL:
-
B cell lymphoma-extra-large
- bFGF:
-
Basic fibroblast growth factor
- CDK:
-
Cyclin-dependent kinase
- cIAP1:
-
Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1
- COVID-19:
-
Coronavirus disease 2019
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenase
- CXCL12:
-
CXC chemokine ligand 12
- CXCR4:
-
CXC chemokine receptor 4
- DSS:
-
Dextran sulfate sodium
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- Egr-1:
-
Early growth response protein-1
- eIF2α:
-
α-Subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ERS:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum stress
- FPTase:
-
Farnesyl protein transferase
- GDF-15:
-
Growth differentiation factor-15
- GST:
-
Glutathione-S-transferase
- HO-1:
-
Heme oxygenase-1
- IAP:
-
Inhibitor of apoptosis protein
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- JAK2:
-
Janus kinase 2
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LOX:
-
Lipoxygenase
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- Mcl-1:
-
Myeloid cell leukemia-1
- MCP-1:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MIP-1α:
-
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α
- MMP:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase
- M-pro:
-
Main protease
- MRP1:
-
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
- mTOR:
-
Mammalian target of rapamycin
- NAG-1:
-
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1
- NFAT:
-
Nuclear factor of activated T cells
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa-B
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- PCNA:
-
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PI3K:
-
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PLpro:
-
Papain-like protease
- PPAR-γ:
-
Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- STAT:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- Th:
-
T-helper
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-α
- TPA:
-
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
- TRAIL:
-
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- TRPV1:
-
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Abdelkader, N.F., Moustafa, P.E. (2022). Rhizomatous Plants: Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale in Affording Immunity. In: Sangwan, N.S., Farag, M.A., Modolo, L.V. (eds) Plants and Phytomolecules for Immunomodulation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8117-2_12
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