Abstract
Political scientists have focussed much of their research on particular forms of civic engagement (more often referred to as ‘political behaviour’) such as voting in elections, joining political parties etc. Citizenship education in its various forms and across countries has often followed up with programmes designed to support future engagement in these traditional forms. Yet the results of the International Civics and Citizenship Studies (ICCS) 2016 have shown that across countries intentions to engage in both legal and illegal activities in the future were endorsed by many students. One recent ICCS-related study has also shown that even in China, 10% of students see illegal protest as a possibility in the future.
This broader view of future intentions raises issues about both the purpose and procedures of civic engagement and the kind of political socialisation that influences young people. At the same time, the issue of citizenship education also needs to take into consideration the kind of choices that will confront students particularly where society provides the option of engaging in illegal activities.
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Notes
- 1.
Like most large-scale international assessments, ICCS 2016 reported results using Rasch scale scores. These are transformations of the raw scores. The transformations allow for comparisons to the average scale score for all participants, but they do not allow for comparisons between different countries/societies.
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Kennedy, K.J. (2021). Forms of Civic Engagement and the Implications for Education and Development. In: Civic Engagement in Changing Contexts. SpringerBriefs in Education(). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7495-2_2
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