What Is Known of Fish Diversity in the Sea of Japan? Flatfishes: A Case Study

Abstract

The pleuronectiform fauna in the Sea of Japan is considered as a case study exemplifying the diversity of fishes in the region. A total of 72 species plus one species complex in eight families is listed, with detailed distributional information based on voucher specimens and photographic records. A further 17 species listed in published literature are excluded from the Sea of Japan faunal list at this time, due to a lack of evidence of their occurrence. The species composition of pleuronectiform fishes changes drastically from warm-water to cold-water species along the coast of northern Japan and the east coast of the Korean Peninsula. A comparison of regional community structures in western Wakasa Bay, surveyed in the early 1970s and over 40 years later, indicated that the makeup of resident species and their abundance had changed significantly during the intervening time.

Appendix: Checklist of Flatfishes in the Sea of Japan

The systematic arrangement of families follows Nakabo (2013). Scientific names generally follow Nakabo (2013), except for Pleuronectidae, which follow Vinnikov et al. (2018). Specimens examined by the author are deposited at the Kyoto University, Kyoto and Maizuru (FAKU), the Hokkaido University Museum, Hakodate (HUMZ), the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba (NSMT), and the Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute (SNFR) (see original publications for cited vouchers shown in double quotation marks). Standard length is abbreviated as SL.

1.1 Order Pleuronectiformes

1.1.1 Family Citharidae

Citheroides macrolepidotus Hubbs, 1915 [Japanese name: Kokebirame] (Fig. 6.2a)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 138113, 106.4 mm SL, off Mishima I., Yamaguchi, 15 June 2015; >5 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and SNFR [see also Shinohara et al. 2011 (“ZIN 45093,” Fukui)]. Kyushu: FAKU 134665, 95.2 mm SL, off Tsushima I., Nagasaki, October 30, 2011; two additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 281–286,” off Jeju I.).

Fig. 6.2

Families Citharidae and Paralichthyidae. (a) Citheroides macrolepidotus, FAKU 138113; (b) Paralichthys olivaceus, FAKU 136969; (c) Pseudorhombus arsius, FAKU 136988; (d) Pseudorhombus cinnamoneus, FAKU 137408; (e) Pseudorhombus oculocirris, FAKU 145574; (f) Pseudorhombus oligodon, FAKU 136982; (g) Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus, FAKU 136887; (h) Tarphops elegans, FAKU 145534, preserved condition; (i) Tarphops oligolepis, FAKU 144933

1.1.2 Family Paralichthyidae

Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) [Japanese name: Hirame] (Fig. 6.2b)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 96446, 201.3 mm SL, Ishikari Bay, Hokkaido, 14 September 1982; >10 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: NSMT-P 73321, two specimens, 127.9–177.8 mm SL, Akita, October 16, 1931; and four additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136969, 160.7 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, March 4, 2015; and >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kyushu: FAKU 137390, 227.9 mm SL, off Genkai I., Fukuoka, 18 April 2015; >5 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and NSMT. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 6511,” Yeosu). Eastern Korea: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (“ZIN 12378,” Wonsan) and Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 56317–56325,” Sokcho).

Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822) [Japanese name: Tenjikugarei] (Fig. 6.2c)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136988, 285.3 mm SL, Kunda Bay, Miyazu, Kyoto, March 7, 2015. Kyushu: FAKU 137382, 166.2 mm SL, off Meinohama, Fukuoka, April 19, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU.

Pseudorhombus cinnamoneus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) [Japanese name: Ganzoubirame] (Fig. 6.2d)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: HUMZ 62207, 224.9 mm SL, off Sado I., Niigata, September 23, 1976. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 137408, 91.1 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, 2011–2012 (detailed data unknown); >5 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kyushu: FAKU 101780, 183.1 mm SL, off Tsushima I., Nagasaki, July 31, 1973. Southern Korea: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (“ZIN 23735,” Busan) and Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 8598,” Namhae).

Pseudorhombus oculocirris Amaoka, 1969 [Japanese name: Heraganzoubirame] (Fig. 6.2e)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: See Honma et al. (1990) (“photo,” Kashiwazaki, Niigata). Kinki-San’in: FAKU 145574, 62.5 mm SL, off Maizuru, Kyoto, September 25, 2017; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Remarks: Records of this species based on voucher specimens from Southern Korea by Lee and Lee (2007) need to be reexamined.

Pseudorhombus oligodon (Bleeker, 1854) [Japanese name: Nan’yougarei] (Fig. 6.2f)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136982, 196.9 mm SL, Maizuru Bay, Maizuru, Kyoto, March 12, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Kyushu: FAKU 137491, 204.1 mm SL, off Meinohama, Fukuoka, April 19, 2015; one additional specimen deposited in FAKU.

Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus Günther, 1862 [Japanese name: Tamaganzoubirame] (Fig. 6.2g)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 137085, two specimens, 70.3–73.9 mm SL, Tsugaru, Aomori, September 5, 2000; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136887, 149.9 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, February 2015; >10 additional specimens in FAKU, HUMZ, and SNFR. Kyushu: FAKU 114739–114741, three specimens, 99.1–126.3 mm SL, off Nokonoshima I., Fukuoka, 27 September 1981; three additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Southern Korea: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (“ZIN 23825,” Busan) and Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 3264–3267,” Yeosu). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Youn (1994) (“CNUC 19681,” Pohang).

Tarphops elegans Amaoka, 1969 [Japanese name: Yumearamegarei] (Fig. 6.2h)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 145534, 72 mm SL, off Hamada, Shimane, July 25, 1973; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU.

Tarphops oligolepis (Bleeker, 1858–1859) [Japanese name: Aramegarei] (Fig. 6.2i)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 137086, nine specimens, 33.5–56.0 mm SL, off Ajigasawa, Aomori, September 5, 2000; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 144933, 52.2 mm SL, off Maizuru, Kyoto, May 22, 2017; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and SNFR. Kyushu: FAKU 101548, 33.1 mm SL, off Tsushima I., Nagasaki, 1973–1974 (detailed data unknown); three additional specimens deposited in NSMT. Southern Korea: See Kim et al. (2009) (“MRIC 2927,” Jeju I.).

1.1.3 Family Bothidae

Arnoglossus polyspilus (Günther, 1880) [Japanese name: Nan’youdarumagarei]

Kinki-San’in: See Sonoyama et al. (2020) (“SNFR 11126,” off Yamaguchi). Southern Korea: See Kim et al. (2010) (“JNU 20040618,” off Jeju I.).

Arnoglossus tenuis Günther, 1880 [Japanese name: Nagadarumagarei] (Fig. 6.3a)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 141371, Maizuru Bay, Kyoto, May 26, 2016; FAKU 134821, three specimens, 60.1–73.8 mm SL, off Senzaki, Yamaguchi, October 6, 2011; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ.

Fig. 6.3

Family Bothidae. (a) Arnoglossus tenuis, FAKU 141371; (b) Arnoglossus yamanakai, FAKU 145489; (c) Asterorhombus intermedius, FAKU 144467; (d) Crossorhombus kanekonis, FAKU S198, preserved condition; (e) Crossorhombus kobensis, NSMT-P 94323, preserved condition; (f) Engyprosopon grandisquama, FAKU 145532, preserved condition; (g) Engyprosopon longipelvis, FAKU 138918; (h) Engyprosopon multisquama, FAKU 143517; (i) Laeops kitaharae, FAKU 136454; (j) Psettina iijimae, FAKU 136867; (k) Psettina tosana, FAKU 138915; (l) Tosarhombus octoculatus, NSMT-P 94322, preserved condition

Arnoglossus yamanakai Fukui, Yamada and Ozawa, 1988 [Japanese name: Tohkainagadarumagarei] (Fig. 6.3b)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136241, 40.4 mm SL, off Ine, Kyoto, September 10, 2014; FAKU 145489, 99.7 mm SL, off Oumi-jima I., Yamaguchi, June 20, 2017; one additional specimen deposited in FAKU. Kyushu: FAKU 134667, 95.0 mm SL, off Tsushima I., Nagasaki, November 28, 2008.

Asterorhombus intermedius (Bleeker, 1865) [Japanese name: Seitenbirame] (Fig. 6.3c)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: HUMZ 231988, 29.5 mm SL, off Sado I., Niigata, September 16, 2020. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 144467, 137 mm SL, Miyazu Bay, Kyoto, April 20, 2017 [see also Fujiwara et al. 2018 (“KAUM-I. 97427,” off Yamaguchi)]. Southern Korea: See Han et al. (2012) (e.g., “JNU 20090605,” off Jeju I.).

Crossorhombus kanekonis (Tanaka, 1918) [Japanese name: Kanekodarumagarei] (Fig. 6.3d)

Kyushu: FAKU S198, 145.8 mm SL, off Tsushima I., Nagasaki, summer of 1973.

Crossorhombus kobensis (Jordan and Starks, 1906) [Japanese name: Kobedarumagarei] (Fig. 6.3e)

Kyushu: NSMT-P 94323, 107.3 mm SL, off Tsushima I., Nagasaki, July 1987; two additional specimens deposited in NSMT.

Engyprosopon grandisquama (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) [Japanese name: Darumagarei] (Fig. 6.3f)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 145532, 106 mm SL, off Hamada, Shimane, 1970s; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU [see also Sonoyama et al. 2020 (e.g., “HH Pi 812,” off Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi)]. Kyushu: FAKU S199, 96.0 mm SL, off Tsushima I., Nagasaki, summer of 1973; three additional specimens in FAKU and NSMT. Southern Korea: See Lee and Choi (2010) (“KNUM 2670,” off Tongyeong, Gyeongsangnam-do).

Engyprosopon longipelvis Amaoka, 1969 [Japanese name: Himedarumagarei] (Fig. 6.3g)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 132825, 35.0 mm SL, off Ine, Kyoto, November 5, 2010; FAKU 138918, 50.7 mm SL, off Oumi-jima I., Yamaguchi, July 30, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU.

Engyprosopon multisquama Amaoka, 1963 [Japanese name: Chikamedarumagarei] (Fig. 6.3h)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: HUMZ 136030, 45.0 mm SL, off Sakata, Yamagata, September 14, 1994; two additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 143517, 74.2 mm SL, Miyazu, Kyoto, December 29, 2016; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU [see also Sonoyama et al. 2020 (“SNFR 12551,” Nagato, Yamaguchi)].

Japonolaeops dentatus Amaoka, 1969 [Japanese name: Hinadarumagarei]

Kinki-San’in: See Sonoyama et al. (2020) (“SNFR 11178,” off Yamaguchi). Southern Korea: See Kim et al. (2011) (e.g., “JNU 304-1–3,” Jeju I.).

Kamoharaia megastoma (Kamohara, 1936) [Japanese name: Wanigarei]

Southern Korea: See Jang et al. (2018) (“NIFS00003,” off Jeju I.).

Laeops kitaharae (Smith and Pope, 1906) [Japanese name: Yarigarei] (Fig. 6.3i)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: SNFR 18878, 63.4 mm SL, off Niigata, August 28, 2012. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136454, 133.6 mm SL, off Ine, Kyoto, November 20, 2014; FAKU 134689, 96.2 mm SL, off Nagato, Yamaguchi, October 7, 2011; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 23130,” off Jeju I.).

Parabothus kiensis (Tanaka, 1918) [Japanese name: Kishudarumagarei]

Southern Korea: See Kim et al. (2009) as Parabothus kinesis [sic] (“MRIC 1627,” Jeju I.).

Psettina iijimae (Jordan and Starks, 1904) [Japanese name: Iijimadarumagarei] (Fig. 6.3j)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 132892, 45.5 mm SL, off Murakami, Niigata, December 5, 2012. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136867, 45.4 mm SL, off Maizuru, Kyoto, January 21, 2015; FAKU 133191, 84.9 mm SL, off Hagi, Yamaguchi, April 6, 2011; >5 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and SNFR.

Psettina tosana Amaoka, 1963 [Japanese name: Tosadarumagarei] (Fig. 6.3k)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136873, 55.3 mm SL, off Maizuru, Kyoto, January 21, 2015; FAKU 138915, 86.3 mm SL, off Cape Kawajiri, Yamaguchi, July 30, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and SNFR. Kyushu: FAKU 57354, 63.8 mm SL, off Tsushima I., Nagasaki, July 17, 1990; five additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Southern Korea: See Lee and Lee (2007) (“BKNU 2241–2242,” off Saryang I.).

Tosarhombus octoculatus Amaoka, 1969 [Japanese name: Yatsumedarumagarei] (Fig. 6.3l)

Kyushu: NSMT-P 94322, 108.8 mm SL, off Tsushima I., Nagasaki, July 1987.

1.1.4 Family Pleuronectidae

Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi Schmidt 1904 [Japanese name: Urokomegarei] (Fig. 6.4a)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 42778, 224.5 mm SL, off Okushiri I., Hokkaido, June 6, 1975; >10 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 141021, 181.8 mm SL, off Itoigawa, Niigata, April 5, 2016; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 36270–36272, three specimens, 188.1–237.6 mm SL, off Kami, Hyogo, December 19–21, 1968. Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 6250–6252,” Goseong, Gangwon) and Voronina and Volkova (2019) (e.g., “ZIN 12339,” East Korea Bay). Primorsky Krai: See Voronina and Volkova (2019) (e.g., “ZIN 12343,” Vladivostok). Tatar: See Shinohara et al. (2011) (e.g., “ZIN 45190,” 51°30′N, 140°45′E). Yamato Bank: HUMZ 53804, 201.4 mm SL, 39°16.7′N, 135°2.7′E, May 31, 1976.

Fig. 6.4

Family Pleuronectidae (I). (a) Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi, FAKU 141021; (b) Atheresthes evermanni, NSMT-P 76630, photo courtesy of NSMT; (c) Cleisthenes pinetorum, HUMZ 231163; (d) Clidoderma asperrimum, FAKU 139321; (e) Dexistes rikuzenius, FAKU 137998; (f) Eopsetta grigorjewi, HUMZ 230351; (g) Glyptocephalus kitaharae, FAKU 136872; (h) Glyptocephalus stelleri, FAKU 136513; (i) Hippoglossoides dubius, FAKU 136514; (j) Lepidopsetta mochigarei, HUMZ 230360; (k) Microstomus achne, HUMZ 230350; (l) Myzopsetta punctatissima, HUMZ 231164

Atheresthes evermanni Jordan and Starks, 1904 [Japanese name: Aburagarei] (Fig. 6.4b)

Kinki-San’in: NSMT-P 76630, 438.5 mm SL, Shinonsen, Hyogo, April 9, 2007. Eastern Korea: See Park et al. (2020) (e.g., “NFRDI-FI-IS-0008430,” Goseong, Gangwon).

Cleisthenes pinetorum Jordan and Starks, 1904 [Japanese name: Souhachi] (Fig. 6.4c)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 231163, 299.7 mm SL, Esashi, Hokkaido, May 16, 2020; >10 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: HUMZ 59119, 141.9 mm SL, off Sado I., Niigata, September 23, 1976; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: SNFR 15990, 165.9 mm SL, off Mishima I., Yamaguchi, May 27, 1995; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU, HUMZ, and SNFR. Kyushu: See Shinohara et al. (2011) (“NSMT-P 66141,” off Tsushima I., Nagasaki). Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 54331–54385,” Yeosu). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 51337–51349,” Goseong, Gangwon) and Voronina and Volkova (2019) (e.g., “ZIN 12363,” Wonsan). Primorsky Krai: See Voronina and Volkova (2019) (“ZIN 12361,” Vladivostok). Tatar: See Shinohara et al. (2011) (“ZIN 45084,” 51°16′N, 142°10′E) and Voronina and Volkova (2019) (“ZIN 12362,” Kholmsk).

Clidoderma asperrimum (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) [Japanese name: Samegarei] (Fig. 6.4d)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 97169, off Yoichi, Hokkaido, October 22, 1982. Tohoku-Hokuriku: See Uozu Aquarium (2014) (“photo,” off Toyama). Kinki-San’in: FAKU 139321, 370.1 mm SL, off Kyotango, Kyoto, October 16, 2015; >5 additional specimens deposited in FAKU [see also Sonoyama et al. 2020 (“KPM-NR 198290 (photo only),” off Hagi, Yamaguchi)]. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 54131–54139,” Tongyeong). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 8304–8305,” Sokcho). Primorsky Krai: See Ivankova (2007) (“TINRO-tsentr P-172,” 43°57’4”N, 135°59’9”E). Tatar: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 45582,” Moneron I.).

Dexistes rikuzenius Jordan and Starks, 1904 [Japanese name: Migigarei] (Fig. 6.4e)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: HUMZ 59113, 120.3 mm SL, off Sado I., Niigata, September 23, 1976; >10 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 137998, 145.8 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, June 18, 2015; SNFR 15989, 178.7 mm SL, off Mishima I., Yamaguchi, May 27, 1995; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 509,” Jeju I.). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (“PKU 8341,” Sokcho).

Eopsetta grigorjewi (Herzenstein. 1890) [Japanese name: Mushigarei] (Fig. 6.4f)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 230351, 270.1 mm SL, Esashi, Hokkaido, May 18, 2019; >10 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: HUMZ 52528, 138.4 mm SL, off Sado I., Niigata, March 25, 1976; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 125497, 121.0 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, November 6, 1981; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU, HUMZ, and SNFR. Kyushu: FAKU 101775, 178.3 mm SL, off Tsushima I., Nagasaki, July 31, 1973; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and NSMT-P. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 54447–54485,” Yeosu). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 8238–8244,” Sokcho).

Glyptocephalus kitaharae (Jordan and Starks, 1904) [Japanese name: Yanagimushigarei] (Fig. 6.4g)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 139223, 151.5 mm SL, off Tsugaru, Aomori, June 12, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU, HUMZ, and SNFR. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136872, 140.0 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, January 21, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Southern Korea: See Kim and Youn (1994) (“CNUC 19089,” Yeosu).

Glyptocephalus stelleri (Schmidt 1904) [Japanese name: Hireguro] (Fig. 6.4h)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 68358, 212.5 mm SL, off Shakotan Peninsula, May 15, 1977; >10 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 140507, 262.4 mm SL, off Niigata, February 17, 2016; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136513, 213.3 mm SL, off Obama, Fukui, November 22, 2014; FAKU 138149, 253.6 mm SL, off Yamaguchi, June 15, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kyushu: See Shinohara et al. (2011) (“NSMT-P 66148,” off Tsushima I.). Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 9917,” Ulsan). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 56821–56829,” Goseong, Gangwon) and Voronina and Volkova (2019) (e.g., “ZIN 12347,” Wonsan). Primorsky Krai: See Voronina and Volkova (2019) (e.g., “ZIN 12352,” Vladivostok). Tatar: See Shinohara et al. (2011, 2014) (“ZIN 45084,” 51°16′N, 142°10′E) and Voronina and Volkova (2019) (“ZIN 12437,” Kholmsk). Yamato Bank: HUMZ 53776, 200.2 mm SL, 39°17.1′N, 135°3.5′E, May 29, 1976.

Hippoglossoides dubius Schmidt 1904 [Japanese name: Akagarei] (Fig. 6.4i)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 67696, 179.9 mm SL, off Shakotan Peninsula, May 18, 1977; >10 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 140505, 308.9 mm SL, off Sado I., Niigata, February 17, 2016; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136514, 202.4 mm SL, off Obama, Fukui, November 22, 2014; SNFR 19410, 177.8 mm SL, off Yamaguchi, June 12, 2012; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and SNFR. Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 9907,” Goseong, Gangwon). Primorsky Krai: See Shinohara et al. (2011) (e.g., “ZIN 17902,” 42°40′N, 133°00′E). Tatar: See Shinohara et al. (2011) (e.g., “ZIN 17906,” 51°00′N, 140°51′E) and Voronina and Volkova (2019) (e.g., “ZIN 12366,” Kholmsk). Yamato Bank: See Shinohara et al. (2011) (e.g., “HUMZ 53662,” 39°7.9′N, 135°4.6′E). Remarks: HUMZ 53662 is currently missing.

Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan and Gilbert, 1880/Hippoglossoides robustus Gill and Townsend, 1897 [Japanese name: Umagarei/ Dorogarei]

Hokkaido: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) as H. robustus (“ZIN 19157,” Otaru). Tatar: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) as H. elassodon (e.g., “ZIN 18533,” 58°58′N, 141°04′E), and as H. robustus (e.g., “ZIN 19062,” between De Kastri and Alexandrovsk). Remarks: Because the taxonomy of H. elassodon and H. robustus remains uncertain (Parin et al. 2014), the two species are treated herein as a species complex “Hippoglossoides elassodon/ Hippoglossoides robustus.”

Hippoglossoides stenolepis Schmidt 1904 [Japanese name: Ohyo]

Hokkaido: See Yabe et al. (1991) (e.g., “HUMZ 55902” 44°27′N, 140°19′E). Remarks: HUMZ 55902 is currently missing.

Lepidopsetta mochigarei Snyder, 1911 [Japanese name: Asabagarei] (Fig. 6.4j)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 230360, 264.1 mm SL, Esashi, Hokkaido, May 18, 2019; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU, HUMZ, and NSMT. Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 140071, 276.3 mm SL, off Oga, Akita, July 31, 2015; >5 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 100254, 296.1 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, 1978 (detailed date unknown); >10 additional specimens in FAKU and HUMZ. Eastern Korea: See Kim and Youn (1994) (e.g., “CNUC 19162,” Pohang) and Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 3849,” Gangneung). Primorsky Krai: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 12892,” Vladivostok). Tatar: See Orr and Matarese (2000) (e.g., “USNM 77126,” 47°38.2′N, 141°39.0′E). Remarks: Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres, 1855), closely related to L. mochigarei, is probably not distributed in the Sea of Japan (Orr and Matarese 2000).

Limanda aspera (Pallas, 1814) [Japanese name: Koganegarei]

Southern Korea: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (“ZIN 23847,” Busan). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Youn (1994) (“CNUC 19713–19714,” Pohang). Primorsky Krai: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 17820,” Peter the Great Bay). Tatar: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 25124,” 51°28′N, 140°58′E).

Limanda sakhalinensis Hubbs, 1915 [Japanese name: Karafutogarei]

Tatar: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 17833,” De Kastri).

Liopsetta pinnifasciata (Kner, 1870) [Japanese name: Tougarei]

Primorsky Krai: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 25516,” Vladivostok). Tatar: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 19914,” Tatar Strait).

Microstomus achne (Jordan and Starks, 1904) [Japanese name: Babagarei] (Fig. 6.4k)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 230350, Esashi, Hokkaido, September 18, 2019 [Also see Lindberg and Fedorov 1993 (“ZIN 19152,” Otaru)]. Tohoku-Hokuriku: HUMZ 59112, 147.5 mm SL, off Sado I., Niigata, September 23, 1976; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 137373, 236.1 mm SL, off Sakaiminato, Tottori, April 23, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ [see also Sonoyama et al. 2020 (e.g., “KPM-NR 198989 (photo only),” off Hagi, Yamaguchi)]. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 5675,” off Jeju I.). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 4322,” Uljin).

Myzopsetta punctatissima (Steindachner, 1879) [Japanese name: Sunagarei] (Fig. 6.4l)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 231164, 251.3 mm SL, Esashi, Hokkaido, May 16, 2020; >10 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: NSMT-P 73354, 215.2 mm SL, off Nikaho, Akita, October 20, 1932 [see also in Uozu Aquarium 2014 (“photo,” Toyama)]. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136103, 198.1 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, July 16, 2014. Southern Korea: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (“ZIN 23738,” Busan). Primorsky Krai: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN”). Tatar: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 45642,” Tatar Strait).

Platichthys bicoloratus (Basilewsky, 1855) [Japanese name: Ishigarei] (Fig. 6.5a)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 231151, 314.9 mm SL, Esashi, Hokkaido, April 12, 2020; >5 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 140508, 275.7 mm SL, off Niigata, February 17, 2016; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 137144, 311.8 mm SL, Miyazu, Kyoto, March 21, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU [see also Sonoyama et al. 2020 (“HH-Pi 1206,” Houhoku, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi)]. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 3397–3399,” Gangjin). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 20552,” Goseong, Gangwon).

Fig. 6.5

Family Pleuronectidae (II). (a) Platichthys bicoloratus, HUMZ 231151; (b) Platichthys stellatus, HUMZ 231150; (c) hybrid individual of Platichthys bicoloratus and Platichthys stellatus, HUMZ 231149; (d) Pleuronichthys cornutus, FAKU 136721; (e) Pleuronichthys lighti, FAKU 137165; (f) Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini, FAKU 137996; (g) Pseudopleuronectes schrenki, HUMZ 230747; (h) Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae, FAKU 137040; (i) Verasper variegatus, NSMT-P 73272, preserved condition

Platichthys stellatus Pallas, 1787 [Japanese name: Numagarei] (Fig. 6.5b)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 231150, 243.7 mm SL, Esashi, Hokkaido, April 12, 2020; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 96118, 170.4 mm SL, Ushitsu, Noto, Ishikawa, May 1, 2008; >5 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and NSMT. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 131762, 245.4 mm SL, Maizuru, Kyoto, February 23, 2009; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Eastern Korea: See Kim and Youn (1994) (e.g., “CNUC 19234–19237,” Pohang). Primorsky Krai: See Voronina and Volkova (2003) (e.g., “ZIN 17963,” Peter the Great Bay). Tatar: See Voronina and Volkova (2003) (e.g., “ZIN 19173,” De Kastri). Remarks: Interspecific hybrid individuals of P. bicoloratus and P. stellatus have been frequently obtained from the Sea of Japan (e.g., HUMZ 231149, 256.8 mm SL, Esashi, Hokkaido, April 12, 2020; Fig. 6.5c).

Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pallas, 1814 [Japanese name: Tsunogarei]

Southern Korea: See Kim and Youn (1994) (“CNUC 19416,” Busan). Tatar: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 17996,” De Kastri).

Pleuronichthys cornutus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) [Japanese name: Nagaremeitagarei] (Fig. 6.5d)

Hokkaido: See Suzuki et al. (2009) as paratype (“HUMZ 98252,” Yoichi, Hokkaido) and nontype (“HUMZ 109423,” Taisei, Hokkaido) of P. japonicus. Tohoku-Hokuriku: See Suzuki et al. (2009) as paratypes (e.g., “FAKU 91921,” off Niigata) and nontypes (e.g., “NMCI-P 1608,” Hanami, Noto, Ishikawa) of P. japonicus; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ (e.g., FAKU 132223, 146.4 mm SL, off Tsutsuishi, Niigata, October 17, 2009). Kinki-San’in: See Suzuki et al. (2009) as holotype (“FAKU 90216,” off Hamada, Shimane), paratypes (“FAKU 90161,” off Hamada, Shimane), and nontypes of P. japonicus; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and SNFR (e.g., FAKU 136721, 163.4 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, December 2014). Remarks: Pleuronichthys japonicus Suzuki et al. 2009 was considered a junior synonym of P. cornutus by Yokogawa et al. (2014).

Pleuronichthys lighti Wu, 1929 [Japanese name: Meitagarei] (Fig. 6.5e)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: SNFR 18811, 105.6 mm SL, off Niigata, August 24, 2012 [see also Suzuki et al. 2009 as P. cornutus (e.g., “FAKU 91642,” off Niigata)]. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 137165, 173.5 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, March 26, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU, HUMZ, and SNFR [see also Suzuki et al. 2009 as P. cornutus (e.g., “FAKU 92140–92149,” off Hamada, Shimane)]. Kyushu: FAKU 137499, 177.1 mm SL, off Meinohama, Fukuoka, April 19, 2015; 3 additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Southern Korea: See Suzuki et al. (2009) as P. cornutus (e.g., “pl. 126-1 in Chyung (1977),” Yeosu). Remarks: The taxon treated as P. cornutus in Suzuki et al. (2009) was recognized as P. lighti by Yokogawa et al. (2014). Kim and Ryu (2016) recorded P. japonicus from the southern Korean region (“PKU 6238–6239, 6557–6559,” Jeju I.) after its synonymization with P. cornutus. A specimen photograph which they identified as P. japonicus is likely to have been P. lighti.

Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini (Jordan and Snyder, 1901) [Japanese name: Magarei] (Fig. 6.5f)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 107662, 133.6 mm SL, off Otaru, April 15, 1986; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: HUMZ 52756, 134.7 mm SL, off Sado I., Niigata, March 25, 1976; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU, HUMZ, and SNFR. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 137996, 163.2 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, June 18, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ [see also Sonoyama et al. 2020 (“SNFR 16005,” off Yamaguchi)]. Southern Korea: See Kim and Youn (1994) (“CNUC 19226,” Busan). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 20553,” Goseong, Gangwon). Primorsky Krai: See Voronina and Volkova (2019) (“ZIN 8730,” Vladivostok). Tatar: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 19072,” 51°23′N, 142°00′E).

Pseudopleuronectes obscurus Herzenstein, 1890 [Japanese name: Kurogarei]

Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (“PKU 8393,” Sokcho). Primorsky Krai: See Voronina and Volkova (2019) (e.g., “ZIN 8726,” Vladivostok). Tatar: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 31672,” Antonovo; “ZIN 19059,” De Kastri).

Pseudopleuronectes schrenki (Schmidt 1904) [Japanese name: Kurogashiragarei] (Fig. 6.5g)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 230747, 271.2 mm SL, Kaminokuni, Hokkaido, August 1, 2019; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU, HUMZ, and NSMT. Southern Korea: See Kim and Youn (1994) (“CNUC 19742,” Busan). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Youn (1994) (“CNUC 19738,” Yangyang). Primorsky Krai: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (e.g., “ZIN 17842,” Posyet). Tatar: See Voronina and Volkova (2019) (“ZIN 12377b,” Kholmsk).

Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae (Günther, 1877) [Japanese name: Makogarei] (Fig. 6.5h)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 230359, 245.2 mm SL, Esashi, Hokkaido, May 18, 2019; >5 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 137076, 72.0 mm SL, Himi, Toyama, 25 June 1997; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 137040, 136.8 mm SL, Miyazu, Kyoto, January 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kyushu: FAKU 137493, 158.4 mm SL, off Meinohama, Fukuoka, April 19, 2015; three additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 7723,” Namhae). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 4323,” Uljin).

Verasper moseri Jordan and Gilbert, 1898 [Japanese name: Matsukawa]

Primorsky Krai: See Voronina and Volkova (2003) (“ZIN 45193,” 42°52′N, 132°23′E).

Verasper variegatus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) [Japanese name: Hoshi-garei] (Fig. 6.5i)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: NSMT-P 73272, 2 specimens, 124.8–154.1 mm SL, Oga, Akita, November 14, 1931. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 16975, 274.9 mm SL, Maizuru, Kyoto, November 6, 1951; three additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Southern Korea: See Kim and Youn (1994) (e.g., “CNUC 19623–19625,” Koheung) and Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (“ZIN 23733,” Busan). Primorsky Krai: See Lindberg and Fedorov (1993) (“ZIN 10466,” Vladivostok).

1.1.5 Family Poecilopsettidae

Poecilopsetta plinthus (Jordan and Starks, 1904) [Japanese name: Kawaragarei] (Fig. 6.6a)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 135590, 91.6 mm SL, off Niigata, August 25, 2013. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 138112, 98.6 mm SL, off Nagato, Yamaguchi, June 15, 2015; four additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 8599,” Namhae).

Fig. 6.6

Families Poecilopsettidae, Samaridae and Cynoglossidae. (a) Poecilopsetta plinthus, FAKU 138112; (b) Plagiopsetta glossa, NSMT-P 50613, preserved condition; (c) Samariscus japonicus, FAKU 58183, preserved condition; (d) Samariscus xenicus, FAKU 142395; (e) Aseraggodes kobensis, FAKU 136871; (f) Heteromycteris japonica, FAKU 136666; (g) Pseudaesopis japonica, FAKU 136720; (h) Zebrias zebrinus, FAKU 137215; (i) Cynoglossus interruptus, FAKU 136977; (j) Cynoglossus itinus, FAKU 145198; (k) Cynoglossus joyneri, FAKU 141526; (l) Cynoglossus ochiaii, FAKU 139735; (m) Cynoglossus robustus, FAKU 139705; (n) Paraplagusia japonica, FAKU 136970; (o) Symphurus longirostris, FAKU 139635; (p) Symphurus orientalis, FAKU 145360

1.1.6 Family Samaridae

Plagiopsetta glossa Franz, 1910 [Japanese name: Berogarei] (Fig. 6.6b)

Kinki-San’in: See Suzuki et al. (2000) (“OMNH-P7820,” Shinonsen, Hyogo). Kyushu: NSMT-P 50613, two specimens, 82.3–95.6 mm SL, off Tsushima, Nagasaki, July 1987; one additional specimen deposited in NSMT. Southern Korea: See Park et al. (2007) (e.g., “NFRDI 20070104-01–10,” off Jeju I.).

Samariscus japonicus Kamohara, 1936 [Japanese name: Tsukinowagarei] (Fig. 6.6c)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 58183, 81.8 mm SL, off San’in (Yamaguchi to Tottori), July 1990; SNFR 19106, 34.2 mm SL, off Yamaguchi, June 12, 2012; two additional specimens deposited in SNFR. Southern Korea: See Park et al. (2007) (“NFRDI 20070104-20,” off Jeju I.).

Samariscus xenicus Ochiai and Amaoka, 1962 [Japanese name: Kotsukinowagarei] (Fig. 6.6d)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 142395, 43 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, September 15, 2016; FAKU 134702, 43.3 mm SL, off Nagato, Yamaguchi, October 7, 2011; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU, HUMZ, and SNFR.

1.1.7 Family Soleidae

Aseraggodes kaianus (Günther, 1880) [Japanese name: Moyouushinoshita]

Southern Korea: See Park et al. (2007) (“NFRDI 20070104-35–37,” off Jeju I.).

Aseraggodes kobensis (Steindachner, 1896) [Japanese name: Tobisasaushinoshita] (Fig. 6.6e)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: SNFR 118829, 88.6 mm SL, off Niigata, August 24, 2012; four additional specimens deposited in HUMZ and SNFR. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136871, 67.1 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, January 21, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ [see also Sonoyama et al. 2020 (e.g., “KPM-NR 198401 (photo only),” off Nagato, Yamaguchi)]. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 1059,” Busan).

Brachirus annularis Fowler, 1934 [Japanese name: Wamonushinoshita]

Southern Korea: See Kim et al. (2019) (“JNU 1503,” between Jeju I. and Geomundo I.).

Heteromycteris japonica (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) [Japanese name: Sasaushinoshita] (Fig. 6.6f)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 137088, three specimens, 23.4–68.2 mm SL, off Tsugaru, Aomori, 5 September 2000; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136666, 67.8 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, December 22, 2014; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU [see also Sonoyama et al. 2020 (“HH-Pi 1436,” Houhoku, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi)].

Pseudaesopis japonica (Bleeker, 1860) [Japanese name: Setoushinoshita] (Fig. 6.6g)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 13804, 126.6 mm SL, off Uozu, Toyama, September 13, 1950; two additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136720, 114.1 mm SL, off Ine, Kyoto, December 2014; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ [see also Sonoyama et al. 2020 (“HH-Pi 2620,” off Izaki, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi)]. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (e.g., “PKU 7762,” Namhae). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (“PKU 6913,” Pohang).

Zebrias zebrinus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) [Japanese name: Shimaushinoshita] (Fig. 6.6h)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: HUMZ 61842, 174.5 mm SL, off Sado I., Niigata, October 19, 1976; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 137215, 174.7 mm SL, Miyazu, Kyoto, March 29, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and NSMT. Southern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) as Zebrias fasciatus (e.g., “PKU 563,” Namhae). Remarks: Zebrias fasciatus (Basilewsky, 1855) was recently synonymized with Zebrias zebrinus by Wang et al. (2014).

1.1.8 Family Cynoglossidae

Cynoglossus abbreviatus (Gray, 1834) [Japanese name: Kouraiakashitabirame]

Southern Korea: See Kim and Choi (1994) (e.g., “CNUC 18847,” Yeosu).

Cynoglossus interruptus Günther, 1880 [Japanese name: Genko] (Fig. 6.6i)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: HUMZ 135405, 130.1 mm SL, off Sakata, Yamagata, August 5, 1994; >10 additional specimens deposited in HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136977, 97.8 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, March 9, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU, HUMZ, and SNFR. Kyushu: FAKU 137523, 103.6 mm SL, off Meinohama, Fukuoka, April 19, 2015. Southern Korea: See Kwun and Kim (2016) (“PKU 7469–7472,” Changwon).

Cynoglossus itinus (Snyder, 1909) [Japanese name: Minamiakashitabirame] (Fig. 6.6j)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 145198, 91 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, June 29, 2017; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Kyushu: NSMT-P 5479, 87.6 mm SL, Izumi Bay, Tsushima I., Nagasaki, August 1968.

Cynoglossus joyneri Günther, 1878 [Japanese name: Akashitabirame] (Fig. 6.6k)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 135929, 2 specimens, 47.4–52.9 mm SL, Mano Bay, Sado I., Niigata, May to July 2002; four additional specimens deposited in SNFR. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 141526, 137 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, June 8, 2016; two additional specimens deposited in FAKU and SNFR. Kyushu: FAKU 137406, off Genkai I., Fukuoka., 18 April 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Southern Korea: See Kim and Choi (1994) (e.g., “CNUC 18860,” Wando). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Ryu (2016) (“PKU 20555,” eastern coast off Korea).

Cynoglossus ochiaii Yokogawa, Endo and Sakaji, 2008 [Japanese name: Okigenko] (Fig. 6.6l)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 13834, 13836, two specimens, 127.4–166.6 mm SL, off Uozu, Toyama, September 13, 1950. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 139735, 179 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, December 9, 2015; FAKU 134700, 139.9 mm SL, off Oumi-jima I., Yamaguchi, November 18, 2018; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and SNFR.

Cynoglossus robustus Günther, 1873 [Japanese name: Inunoshita] (Fig. 6.6m)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 139705, 400.7 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, December 2, 2015; one additional specimen deposited in FAKU. Kyushu: FAKU 137395, 279.8 mm SL, off Genkai I., Fukuoka, April 18, 2015; three additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Southern Korea: See Kim and Choi (1994) (e.g., “CNUC 18853–18855,” Yeosu).

Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, 1873 [Japanese name: Karaakashitabirame]

Southern Korea: See Kim and Choi (1994) (e.g., “CNUC 19370–19375,” Yeosu).

Paraplagusia japonica (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) [Japanese name: Kuroushinoshita] (Fig. 6.6n)

Hokkaido: HUMZ 109954, 180.0 mm SL, off Tomari, Hokkaido, November 13, 1986. Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 137015, two specimens, 132.9–150.9 mm SL, off Akita, August 4, 1997; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 136970, 222.1 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, Kyoto, March 4, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU. Kyushu: FAKU 137084, three specimens, 69.6–160.8 mm SL, Karatsu, Saga, April 20, 1997; one additional specimen deposited in FAKU. Southern Korea: See Kim and Choi (1994) (e.g., “CNUC 19173–19180,” Yeosu). Eastern Korea: See Kim and Choi (1994) (e.g., “CNUC 19815,” Samcheok).

Symphurus longirostris Lee, Munroe and Kai, 2016 [Japanese name: Hashinagaazumagarei] (Fig. 6.6o)

Tohoku-Hokuriku: FAKU 137988, 31.5 mm SL, off Niigata, March 6, 2015. Kinki-San’in: FAKU 139635, 42.0 mm SL, Wakasa Bay, November 17, 2015; >10 additional specimens deposited in FAKU and HUMZ [see also Sonoyama et al. 2020 (“SNFR 19821,” off Yamaguchi)].

Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker, 1879) [Japanese name: Azumagarei] (Fig. 6.6p)

Kinki-San’in: FAKU 145360, 75.9 mm SL, off Mishima I., Yamaguchi.