Abstract
Histories of ichthyology and fish collection building in Japan were reviewed in this chapter. Our historical research revealed that systematic studies of Japanese fishes began with European zoologists in the late 1700s, and many new species were reported from Japan by European and American ichthyologists in the 1800s and the early 1900s. After the Meiji restoration in 1867, Japanese zoologists started systematic studies of fishes and building fish collections under the influence of European and American zoologists. Most new Japanese fishes were reported by foreign ichthyologists (e.g., David Starr Jordan and his colleagues) by 1920; however, after 1921, the number of new species described by Japanese ichthyologists became more than that by foreign ichthyologists. Before World War II, three distinguished ichthyologists, Shigeho Tanaka, Kiyomatsu Matsubara, and Keitaro Uchida, appeared to make great contributions to ichthyology in Japan. They developed not only systematic studies but also fish collections at their research institutions. After World War II, Matsubara and Uchida educated many graduate students who made subsequent contributions to ichthyology and collection building at their universities. Beginning in the 1970s and continuing to the present, large fish books were published under coauthorship with many Japanese ichthyologists, which provided beautiful color photographs and/or identification keys with helpful illustrations, making it easier for ichthyologists to understand the fish diversity of Japan. When comparing ichthyological studies before and after World War II, it is clear that there were few phylogenetic studies before the War but afterward, Matsubara , his colleagues and students, published many phylogenetic monographs based on detailed comparative anatomical studies. This tradition has been maintained by young generations at several universities and institutions, but phylogenetic methodologies have recently been changing from morphological comparisons to molecular analysis. Thanks to the efforts of many Japanese ichthyologists, the number of recognized Japanese species has been greatly increased, now numbering 4617. Still, however, about 25 new species have been described from Japan every year for the past several decades. It will therefore be a long time before ichthyologists have a full understanding of the fish diversity of Japan.
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Notes
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*When the titles of articles were given only in Japanese, we translate them into English.
References
*When the titles of articles were given only in Japanese, we translate them into English.
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Acknowledgments
We thank many curators and ichthyologists for providing valuable information on fish collections under their care: Hiromitsu Endo (BSKU), Masaki Miya (CBM), Hiroshi Kawase (CMNH), Yoshiaki Kai (FAKU), Seishi Kimura (FRLM), Mari Kuroki (FUMT), Hisashi Imamura and Fumihito Tashiro (HUMZ), Hiroyuki Motomura (KAUM), Hiroshi Senou (KPM), Mizuki Matsunuma (KUN), Ryoichi Tabata (LBM), Tetsumi Takahashi (MNHAN), Masato, Motegi (MTUF), Yukio Iwatsuki (MUFS),Kei Miyamoto (OCF), Shoko Matsui (OMNH), Koichi Hoshino (SNFR), Koichi Shibukawa (SPMN), Taiki Ito (TKPM), Kiyoshi Hagiwara (YCM), and Kazuo Sakamoto and Masahiro Aizawa (ZUMT). Jon Fong (California Academy of Sciences) kindly provided detailed information on Japanese fishes contained in Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes. We are grateful to Theodore W. Pietsch (University of Washington) for reading critically the manuscript. We are grateful to Kunio Amaoka (Hokkaido University), Masayoshi Hayashi (Yokosuka City Museum), Kazumi Hosoya (Kindai University), Yukio Iwatsuki, Takanori Mochioka (Kyushu University), Harumi Sakai (National Fisheries University), Yuko Takigawa (Kagawa University), and Mamoru Yabe (Hokkiado University) for providing us with useful information on deceased ichthyologists.
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Nakae, M., Matsuura, K. (2022). Ichthyology and Collection Building in Japan. In: Kai, Y., Motomura, H., Matsuura, K. (eds) Fish Diversity of Japan. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7427-3_4
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