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Another Altan Khan in Maritime Asia?: Controversies on the Revival of Sino–Japanese Tributary Trade During the Japanese Invasion of Korea

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War and Trade in Maritime East Asia

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History ((PASTCGH))

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Abstract

Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s first invasion of Korea (J. Bunroku no eki; K. Imjin waeran; C. Wanli Chaoxianyi) began in April 1592. The Ming forces counterattack in January 1593 was followed by three and a half years of peace negotiations between Japan and Ming China, but in September 1596 these negotiations finally broke down, and Hideyoshi’s second invasion of Korea (K. Jeong-yu waeran; J. Keichō no eki) began.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For the latest survey of studies of the Japanese invasion of Korea published in Japan, South Korea, and China, see Chen et al. (2019).

  2. 2.

    For the other studies of the peace negotiation during the invasion of Korea, written in Japanese and Chinese, see Chen et al. (2019: 101–102, 116–117).

  3. 3.

    For the other recent works about the invasion of Korea, written in English, see Wang and Sun (2019: 4, note 2).

  4. 4.

    The following description of the course of the first invasion and the following Japan–Ming peace negotiations are mainly based on the previous research already mentioned (Li 1967; Nakamura 1969: 105–212; Kitajima 1995: 34–179; Ono 1996: 116–143; Miki 2015: 275–377; Swope 2009: 87–226), together with the basic Ming historical sources, such as Shenzong shilu: 神宗実録 (Taibei: Zhongyan yanjiuyuan lishi yuyan yanjiusuo, 1966), ch. 248–306, and Tan Qian 談遷, Guoque 国榷 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1958), ch. 76–77.

  5. 5.

    Sŏngjo sillok: 宣祖實錄 (Seoul: Kuksa phyonchan wiwonhwe, 1957), ch. 30, p. 46.

  6. 6.

    Kitajima Manji also categorizes those who promoted peace talks in Japanese side such as Konisi, So, and Keitestu Genzo 景轍玄蘇, who served as a monk diplomat with Konishi and So, as the “Tsushima group.” See Kitajima (1990: 162–169).

  7. 7.

    Daimin Chōsen to Nihon wahei no jōmoku 大明朝鮮与日本和平之条目 [Peace Terms between the Ming, Joseon, and Japan] (manuscript held in the Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo). This document was cited in Sajima (1994: 5–8).

  8. 8.

    Yu Shenxing, Gushan bizhu 穀山筆麈 (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1984), ch. 11, “Choubia” 籌辺, p. 124.

  9. 9.

    Shenzong shilu, ch. 262, pp. 4a–5a.

  10. 10.

    Xiushui Xianzhi 秀水県志 (preface 1685) (Taibei: Chengwen Chubanshe, 1970), ch. 5, pp. 24a–25a.

  11. 11.

    Chen Yidian, Chen xueshi xiansheng chuji 陳学士先生初集 (postscript 1620, copy held in Naikaku Bunko), ch. 28, “Yuwo yi” 馭倭議.

  12. 12.

    Zhao Shizhen, Dongshi shengyan 東事剰言 (preface 1594, copy held in Tōyō Bunko), shucao 疏草, “Qingxing fangyu” 情形防禦.

  13. 13.

    Shen zong shilu, ch. 297, p. 1a.

  14. 14.

    Shen Yiguan, Jingshi cao 敬事草 (printed in Wanli era, copy held in the Naikaku Bunko), ch. 1, “Lun Wo gongshi bukexu shu” 論倭貢事不可許疏.

  15. 15.

    Mingshi 明史 (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1974), ch. 219, pp. 5777–5779. Also see Ono (1996: 197–211).

  16. 16.

    Chen Zilong 陳子龍 ed., Huangming jingshi wenbian 皇明経世文編 (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1962), ch. 408, pp. 4438–4440, Zhang Wei, “Lun Dongwo shiqing jietie” 論東倭事情掲帖.

  17. 17.

    Shenzong shilu, ch. 277, pp. 3b–4b.

  18. 18.

    Shenzong shilu, ch. 277, pp. 5b–6a.

  19. 19.

    Mingshi 明史, ch. 225, pp. 5911–5912.

  20. 20.

    Zhang Han, Songchuang mengyu 松窗夢語 (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1985), ch. 4, “Shanggu ji” 商賈紀, pp. 85–86. This passage is cited in Ono (1996: 104).

  21. 21.

    In around 1600, the Ming government disbursed about 150 tons of silver that was roughly equal to annual import of foreign silver to China, as military expenditures and expenses for mutual trade in the northern border in every year. See Kishimoto (1997: 15–18).

  22. 22.

    Chen Yidian, Chen xueshi xiansheng chuji, ch. 28, “Kewem kaikuang lihai dui” 客問開鉱山利害対. This passage is cited in Kishimoto (1997: 229).

  23. 23.

    Sŏngjo sillok 宣祖実録, ch. 57, p. 1a.

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  1. Faculty of Humanities, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Gakusho Nakajima

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  1. School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, Historiographical Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Mihoko Oka

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Nakajima, G. (2022). Another Altan Khan in Maritime Asia?: Controversies on the Revival of Sino–Japanese Tributary Trade During the Japanese Invasion of Korea. In: Oka, M. (eds) War and Trade in Maritime East Asia. Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7369-6_7

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