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Smoke from DI Diesel Engines

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Modelling Diesel Combustion

Part of the book series: Mechanical Engineering Series ((MES))

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Abstract

Although DI diesel engines are becoming popular because of their fuel economy as well as low exhaust emissions, they emit a higher amount of visible exhaust termed as smoke. The characterization of this smoke has remained a challenge in engine development and modelling work. A new phenomenological model is explained in this chapter encompassing the spray and the wall interaction by a simple geometrical consideration. A dimensionless factor was introduced to take care of the nozzle hole manufactured by hydro-erosion (HE) as well as the conical shape of the nozzle hole (k-factor) in the case of valve-closed-orifice type of nozzles. The smoke emitted from the wall–spray formed after wall impingement is the major contributor to the total smoke at higher loads. As the fuel spray impinges upon the walls of the combustion chamber, its velocity decreases. This low-velocity jet contributes to a higher rate of smoke production. Therefore, the combustion bowl geometry along with injection parameters plays a significant role in smoke emissions. While considering the smoke, interestingly the chemical kinetics, which is very fast compared to the mixing phenomenon in the spray entraining the surrounding air, is dropped. Also, the thesis considers the mixing at the wall in detail. The latter enables an explanation of the sudden rise in the rate of increase in smoke at about 50% load for many types of engines at different speeds. Therefore, smoke, the result of incomplete combustion (chemistry), has been treated by ignoring the fast chemistry, as the slow physical mixing seems to be controlling. Though it appears paradoxical, it is the truth. There are mainly two types of smoke from a DI diesel engine, cold and hot smoke. Cold smoke is white in appearance under direct illumination, consisting of a mixture of fuel and lubricating oil particles in an unburned or partly burned state. This form of smoke is sometimes referred to as liquid smoke or fog. Hot smoke is black in appearance, consisting of solid particles of carbon from the otherwise complete combustion of fuel. This form of smoke is often referred to as hot or solid smoke. In the present work, the study is focused on black smoke coming out of diesel engines under hot conditions.

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Abbreviations

A 0 :

Effective area of the nozzle hole (m2)

A h :

Area of holes for the escape of soot, a function of Kolmogorov scale (m2)

A s :

Surface area of the spray (m2)

\(c\) :

Circular surface area of spray at the wall (m2)

\(A_{s_{{\text{con}}} }\) :

Surface area of spray considering cone (m2)

\(A_{s_t }\) :

Area of Taylor microscale (m2)

A sw :

Surface area of wall–spray (m2)

Cu:

Constant (0.09)

d e :

Equivalent diameter of the spray hole (m)

degimp:

Degree of impingement (–)

d o :

Spray hole diameter (m)

h :

Gap between adjacent flamelet (m)

η :

Kolmogorov length scale (m)

k :

Turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass (m2/s2)

l m :

Taylor’s microscale (m)

N :

Engine speed (rpm)

n :

Number of spray holes (–)

N f :

Nozzle feature, %HE or KF, e.g. 10%, 15% (%)

n h :

Number of soot holes per unit surface area (–)

n h , free :

Number of smoke holes for the free portion (–)

\(n_{h_{{\text{wall}}} }\) :

Number of smoke holes for wall portion (–)

P inj :

Injection pressure (Pa)

Q :

Injected quantity per stroke (kg)

q ip :

Duration of injection (deg CA)

ρ f :

Fuel density (kg/m3)

ρ s :

Density of soot (2000 kg/m3)

Soot:

Soot (kg/m3)

t dur :

Injection duration (s)

t free :

Time for which spray is free (s)

t imp :

Time at which impingement starts (s)

t int :

Timescale for the integration of smoke passing through holes of size given by Kolmogorov scale (s)

t liq :

Time for which spray is liquid (s)

u inj :

Average velocity of sprays (m/s)

u wall :

Velocity of the wall jet (m/s)

V air :

Volume of air sucked in per cycle (m3)

ε :

Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate (m2s−3)

ν :

Kinematic viscosity of air (m2 s−1)

τ :

Kolmogorov timescale (s)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

    P. A. Lakshminarayanan

  2. Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited, Pune, India

    Yogesh V. Aghav

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  1. P. A. Lakshminarayanan
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  2. Yogesh V. Aghav
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Lakshminarayanan, P.A., Aghav, Y.V. (2022). Smoke from DI Diesel Engines. In: Modelling Diesel Combustion. Mechanical Engineering Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6742-8_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6742-8_13

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