Abstract
Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from direct injection (DI) diesel engines are mainly due to fuel injected and mixed beyond lean combustion limit during ignition delay and fuel effusing from the nozzle sac at low pressure. The concept has been developed to provide an elegant model to predict the HC emissions considering slow burning. The model has been validated by collecting data on HC and pressures in the cylinder and in fuel injection system from the experimental engines which are naturally aspirated, turbocharged, or turbocharged with inter-cooling. New universal coefficients for the correlation of HC with operating parameters were obtained.
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Abbreviations
- m :
-
Exponent of fuel concentration in Arrhenius equation = 1 (–)
- n :
-
Exponent of air concentration in Arrhenius equation = 18 (–)
- A :
-
Instantaneous flow area (m2)
- A :
-
Pre-exponent factor of Arrhenius equation, 150 to 210 (Dimensional constant)
- C a :
-
Mean concentration of air in the lean zone-1, approximately (–)
- C d :
-
Flow coefficient for the spray holes = 0.8 (–)
- C f :
-
Mean concentration of fuel leaned out and effused from the sac (–)
- dq/dt :
-
Instantaneous injection rate (kg/s)
- E/R :
-
Ratio of activation energy to gas constant = 2100 (K)
- ΦL:
-
Lean combustion limit of the relative air–fuel ratio (–)
- HCv :
-
Hydrocarbon emission, due to sac volume (kg)
- ID :
-
Ignition delay (degree, s)
- m cal :
-
\({\text{fuel injected during delay }} \times {\text{fuel overleaning factor }} + {\text{ sac volume}} - {\text{ yield }}-{\text{ slow burnt fuel}}\) (kg)
- m f :
-
Injected fuel (kg)
- p 1 :
-
Pressure in the cylinder (bar)
- p 2 :
-
Pressure before the nozzle (bar)
- p m :
-
Mean pressure of the ambient during the ignition delay (bar)
- Q del :
-
Fuel injected during the delay period of the combustion process (kg)
- ρ f :
-
Density of fuel (kg/m3)
- T m :
-
Mean temperature of the ambient during the ignition delay (K)
- V s :
-
Sac of volume (m3)
- y :
-
Yield or the fraction of fuel evaporated from the sac of volume (–)
References
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Lakshminarayanan, P.A., Aghav, Y.V. (2022). Hydrocarbons from DI Diesel Engines. In: Modelling Diesel Combustion. Mechanical Engineering Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6742-8_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6742-8_11
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