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Indian Sandalwood pp 493–513Cite as

Modeled Distribution of and Threats to Sandalwood in a Changing Environment

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Part of the Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials book series (MHFNN)

Abstract

Species distribution modelling is increasingly used to help identify conservation priorities and target field studies. We modeled the distribution of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) in India and Indonesia, two key countries within the species natural range, and compared the results with land cover, protected area network and global ecoregions map. Land use change has significantly affected the potential distribution of Sandalwood in both India and Indonesia, with 79% and 60% of the species’ predicted suitable habitats converted to croplands, respectively, and approximately only 2% of the remaining natural habitats found in protected areas. Moreover, land use change has affected ecoregions unevenly, with some ecoregions having lost over 90% of suitable natural habitats of Sandalwood and along with them likely distinct adaptive traits of the species. Ecoregions in Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province, regarded as a centre of diversity of Sandalwood, are of particular conservation concern due to the minimal remaining distribution area. Furthermore, we projected the modeled distribution to future climate conditions and the results indicated that climate change is not expected to affect the Sandalwood adversely across most of its range by 2050. Instead, the species would gain new suitable areas, especially in Central and Northern India. We conclude with recommendations for the conservation and sustainable management of Sandalwood resources in the two countries.

Keywords

  • Species distribution modelling
  • APFORGIS
  • Maxent
  • GCMs

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Acknowledgements

We thank G. Ravikanth, K. Palanisamy, Josep-Serra-Diaz and Jens Svenning for providing occurrence data for Sandalwood for enabling detailed distribution modelling. This study was funded by the Government of Germany and the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Asia—Malaysia Office, Serdang, Malaysia

    Riina Jalonen

  2. GIS Specialist, Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, Maccarese (Rome), Italy

    Hannes Gaisberger

  3. Bioversity International, Bengaluru, India

    Smitha Krishnan

  4. Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India

    Rekha R. Warrier

  5. Forest Research and Development Center, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Vivi Yuskianti

Authors
  1. Riina Jalonen
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  2. Hannes Gaisberger
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  3. Rekha R. Warrier
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  4. Vivi Yuskianti
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  5. Smitha Krishnan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Riina Jalonen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Silviculture and Forest Management Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India

    A. N. Arunkumar

  2. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun, India

    Ph.D. Geeta Joshi

  3. Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Division, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India

    Ph.D. Rekha R. Warrier

  4. Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India

    Ph.D. N. Nataraja Karaba

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Jalonen, R., Gaisberger, H., Warrier, R.R., Yuskianti, V., Krishnan, S. (2022). Modeled Distribution of and Threats to Sandalwood in a Changing Environment. In: Arunkumar, A.N., Joshi, G., Warrier, R.R., Karaba, N.N. (eds) Indian Sandalwood. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6565-3_32

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