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Diversity, Chemistry, and Environmental Contamination of Wild Growing Medicinal Mushroom Species as Sources of Biologically Active Substances (Antioxidants, Anti-Diabetics, and AChE Inhibitors)

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Abstract

The aim of this chapter is to introduce the main problems in the study of wild growing medicinal mushroom species by presenting the research from the period 2005–2020, with special emphasis on autochthonous species of Serbia and the Balkan region. Four major problems have been discussed regarding identification of the species, their biodiversity, chemical characterization, and environmental contamination, since they represent a great source of bioactive compounds with various activities: antioxidative, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-AChE inhibition.

The aim of this chapter is to introduce the main problems in the study of wild growing medicinal mushroom species by presenting the research from the period 2005–2020, with special emphasis on autochthonous species of Serbia and the Balkan region.

Four major problems have been discussed regarding identification of the species, their biodiversity, chemical characterization, and environmental contamination, since they represent a great source of bioactive compounds with various activities: antioxidative, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-AChE inhibition. A proper taxonomic identification is the first step in the further research. The identification is difficult due to similarity of morphological characteristics, especially within species complexes such as Pleurotus and Ganoderma . Molecular identification through multi-gene phylogenetic analysis helped to resolve some of these issues while full genome sequencing enabled annotation of genes, as it was done with Schizophyllum commune and Hericium erinaceus .

Chemical characterization of the secondary bioactive compounds mostly confirmed the existence of terpenoids, phenols, and sterols, while polysaccharides and immunomodulatory proteins including polysaccharide-peptide complexes have been identified recently. Although wild fungal strains represent powerful sources of medicinal substances, they can also pose a potential risk to human health through (hyper) accumulation of toxic elements (e.g. Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni, 238U, and 137Cs) from different substrates, not only in the polluted urban environments, but also in protected natural areas. Their use should be well reasoned and controlled along with their conservation and protection.

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Abbreviations

AAs:

Amino acids

AAS :

Atomic absorption spectrometry

AChE :

Acetylcholinesterase enzyme

AO:

Antioxidant

aq:

Aqueous extract

B:

Culture broth

BAM:

Biologically active metabolites, bioactive compounds

BCF:

Bioconcentration factor

bw:

Body weight

CYP :

Cytochrome P450

dw:

Dry weight

ESH:

Ergothioneine

ESR:

Electron spin resonance spectroscopy

EtOH:

Ethanolic extract

EU:

European Union

EXP:

Exo-polyasccharide

FA:

Fatty acid

FAO :

Food and Agriculture Organization

FB:

Fruiting body

FFA:

Free FA

FTIR :

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

fw:

Fresh weight

GA:

Ganoderic acid

GC-FID :

Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection

GLT:

G. lucidum triterpenoids

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GT:

Ganoderma triterpenoids

HepG2:

Liver tumor cell line

HER:

H. erinaceus residue

HMW :

High molecular weight

HPLC :

High-performance liquid chromatography

HPLC /MS-MS:

High-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

HPMC:

Hydroxoperhydroxomercury (II) complex

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

ITS :

Internal transcribed spacer

LMW :

Low molecular weight

mb:

Megabases

MB:

Mycelial biomass

MCF-7:

Estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell lines

MeOH:

Methanolic extract

MIC :

minimal inhibitory concentration

MM:

Medicinal mushrooms

MRC-5:

Normal cell lines

MUFA:

Monounsaturated

MW:

Molecular weight

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PCs:

Phenolic compounds

PSH:

Polysaccharides

PSK:

Polysaccharide krestin from T. versicolor

PSP:

Polysaccharopeptide from T. versicolor

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated FA

RDA:

Recommended daily allowance

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RSC:

Radical scavenging capacity

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SPG:

Schizophyllan

TE:

Trace element

TPC:

Total phenolic content

TRIs:

Triterpenoids

UFA:

Unsaturated FAs

UNSCEAR:

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Trg D. Obradovića 2, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Maja Karaman & Eleonora Čapelja

  2. Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg D. Obradovića, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Milena Rašeta

  3. Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Milana Rakić

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  1. Maja Karaman
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  2. Eleonora Čapelja
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  3. Milena Rašeta
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  4. Milana Rakić
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Correspondence to Maja Karaman .

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  1. Department of Environmental Studies, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India

    Arun Arya

  2. Mycological Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia

    Katerina Rusevska

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Karaman, M., Čapelja, E., Rašeta, M., Rakić, M. (2022). Diversity, Chemistry, and Environmental Contamination of Wild Growing Medicinal Mushroom Species as Sources of Biologically Active Substances (Antioxidants, Anti-Diabetics, and AChE Inhibitors). In: Arya, A., Rusevska, K. (eds) Biology, Cultivation and Applications of Mushrooms . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6257-7_8

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