Abstract
I will not comment on Burkhard Hess’ report that I have just heard, as always, with great interest. This report, however, gives me an opportunity for brief and general observations on the evolution of French law on civil enforcement with regard to the protection of fundamental rights. From this point of view, three kinds of observations can be made, respectively devoted to the meaning of evolution (I), the role of the judge (II) and the notion of trial (III).
Professor at the Sorbonne Law School (Paris 1 university) Former IAPL President.
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Notes
- 1.
Ordonnance civile touchant la réformation de la justice, avr. 1667, Saint-Germain en Laye, spéc. Titre XXVII : De l’exécution des jugements.
- 2.
Ordonnance criminelle, août 1670, Saint-Germain en Laye.
- 3.
On this phenomenon of softening, see J. CARBONNIER, Droit civil, volume 2: «Les biens, Les obligations», 2004, PUF, «Quadrige», no 1281, pp. 2524 et 2525.
- 4.
CPCE, art. L. 131-1 sq and R. 131-1 sq.
- 5.
In its most classical aspects (furniture, food, etc.: CPCE art L. 112-2), up to its contemporary renewal for the benefit of entrepreneurs (with the declaration of unseizability of the principal residence of the individual entrepreneur and his spouse: C. com., art. L. 526-1 sq).
- 6.
CPCE, art. L. 221-2.
- 7.
See espec. about C. civ., art. 1244-4 (issued L. n°2015-990, 6 August 2015), which has been analyzed as a participatory implementation tool: L. LAUVERGNAT, «La procédure simplifiée de recouvrement des petites créances de l’article 1244-4 du Code civil : vers une exécution participative ?», D. 2015, pp. 1860 sq. The provision of this article was quickly transferred to the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures: CPCE, art. L. 125-1 (Order No. 2016-131, Feb. 10, 2016), where it is supplementad by regulatory provisions: CPCE, art. R. 125-1 to R. 126-6 (issued D. no 2016-285, 9 March 2016).
- 8.
« Where the law expressly provides » (CPP - Code of criminal procedure, art. 6, al. 3).
- 9.
CPP, art. 41-1-2, issued L. no 2016-1691, 9 déc. 2016 on transparency, the fight against corruption and the modernization of economic life, art.22.
- 10.
COJ—Code of the judicial organization (Code de l’organisation judiciaire), art. L. 213-5 to L. 213.
- 11.
COJ, art. L. 213-6, al. 1, without being able, however, to modify the operative part of the court decision on which the enforcement is based, or to suspend its execution (CPCE, art. R. 121-1, al. 2).
- 12.
CPCE, art. R. 121-5.
- 13.
P. CATALA P. and F. TERRE, Procédure civile et voies d’exécution, Paris, PUF, 2e éd. 1976, espec. p. 421.
- 14.
V. J. NORMAND, Le juge et le litige, LGDJ, 1965, preface R. PERROT, no 21 to 24, espec. no 24. Confer Cass. 1re civ., 12 July 2012, no 09-11582, D. 2012, 2577, note Pailler ; Gaz. Pal. 7-8 Dec. 2012, 30, obs. BLÉRY, deciding that the compromise terminates the dispute only subject to its execution.
- 15.
Since ECHR, 19 March 1997, Hornsby v. Greece, JCP G 1997, II, 22949, note DUGRIP et SUDRE ; D. 1998, 74, note FRICERO ; RGDP 1998, 230, obs. FLAUSS. And then ECHR CEDH, 7 March 2013, no 10131/11, RAW v. France, Rev. huissiers 2014, Dr. proc. intern. 20, no 13, obs. FRICERO, stating that the non-enforcement of a judgment enshrining a right guaranteed by the Convention constitutes a violation of this right, and not merely a violation of Article 6 (1).
- 16.
Cons. const., déc. n° 2014-455 QPC, 6 March 2015, cons. 3.
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Cadiet, L. (2022). Effective Rights Protection in Civil Enforcement. In: Deguchi, M. (eds) Effective Enforcement of Creditors’ Rights. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 91. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5609-5_5
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