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Comparison of Long-Term Changes in Paddy Soil Fertility Among Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia Based on the Original Data and the Factor Scores

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Changes in Paddy Soil Fertility in Tropical Asia under Green Revolution

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Abstract

Over 50 years of the Geen Revolution since the 1960s, the global population has increased by 2.5 times, cereal production by 3.3 times, and the use of N, P, and K fertilizers by 9.4, 4.2, and 4.3 times, respectively. Information is still limited, however, on the influence of these impacts on the fertility status of agricultural soils. We, therefore, investigated the influence of the Green Revolution on 142 paddy soils in three tropical Asian countries, that is, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia, during the given period by repeated soil sampling in the 1960s and 2010s at or near the same locations. We revealed that the phytoavailability indices of three macronutrients―N, P, and K, that is, available P, exchangeable K, and total N―showed 743% (p < 0.01), 12%, and 1% increase on average, respectively, while total C showed 9% decline. Comprehensive investigation of overall fertility status by factor analysis using 11 soil parameters suggested that only the factor scores associated with “available P status” increased drastically in all the three countries (p < 0.01), whereas those associated with “organic matter and N contents” and “inherent potentiality” did not exhibit any consistent changes among the countries. In conclusion, intensive soil/fertilizer management systems under the Green Revolution have successfully improved the nutrient status, especially P status, of paddy soils with slight decrease of soil organic matter over the last 50 years, while a large amount of nutrients applied, especially N and K, has been released from soil to the outer environments. Conversion to a high-efficiency system of external nutrient inputs with organic matter-conserving strategies is therefore urgently required to secure sustainable food production while restoring the environment during the coming decades.

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Acknowledgments

This chapter is mainly derived from Yanai et al. (2021) published in European Journal of Soil Science, doi: 10.1111/ejss.13193. The authors would like to thank Drs. Ketsuda Dejbhimon and Anongnat Sriprachote, Khon Kean University, Porntiva Kanyawongha, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Thanakorn Lattirasuvan, Maejo University, Nicola Timbas, and Simplicio Medina, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Drs. Tan Ngai Paing and Khairul Hafiz Mohd Yusoff, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Ms. Mina Hirose, Ms. Fukiko Masai and Mr. Haruyoshi Saito, Kyoto Prefectural University, and Mr. Keita Sakamoto and Ms. Nao Kajiwara, Kochi University, for their collaboration during the entire course of this research, and Dr. Kazutake Kyuma, Emeritus Professor of Kyoto University, and Dr. Toshiyuki Wakatsuki, Emeritus Professor of Shimane University, for their supervision on this research, and Prof. Rattan Lal, Ohio State University, for his critical reading of an earlier version of this manuscript. This research was partly funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (overseas academic) (No. 15H05247).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan

    Junta Yanai & Atsushi Nakao

  2. Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan

    Sota Tanaka

  3. Experimental Farm, Kindai University, Yuasa (Arida), Japan

    Shin Abe

Authors
  1. Junta Yanai
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  2. Sota Tanaka
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  3. Atsushi Nakao
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  4. Shin Abe
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Correspondence to Junta Yanai .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan

    Junta Yanai

  2. Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Kōchi University, Nankoku, Japan

    Sota Tanaka

  3. Experimental Farm, Kindai University, Yuasa (Arida), Japan

    Shin Abe

  4. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan

    Atsushi Nakao

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Yanai, J., Tanaka, S., Nakao, A., Abe, S. (2022). Comparison of Long-Term Changes in Paddy Soil Fertility Among Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia Based on the Original Data and the Factor Scores. In: Yanai, J., Tanaka, S., Abe, S., Nakao, A. (eds) Changes in Paddy Soil Fertility in Tropical Asia under Green Revolution. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5425-1_8

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