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Human Health Effects of Particulate Matter

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Airborne Particulate Matter

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Abstract

With increased industrialization and number of pollutants, a large proportion of world population today is exposed to polluted air, especially the urban population. The particulate matter (PM) in the air is responsible for various respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. It enters the lungs through the airways and settles in the alveoli inducing inflammatory response and surge in the pro-inflammatory biomarkers. The inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines are released, which lead to systemic inflammation and oxidative damage causing various cardiopulmonary disorders. The polluted air contains PM of different sizes and constituents that are released in the air from different sources. The major health-related concern is from PMs that are less than 10 μm in diameter as they have larger surface area per unit volume and can easily penetrate through the airways, readily absorbed, go deeper in the circulation, and thus are more damaging than the larger size particles.

Evidence from multiple studies suggests that the exposure to increased PM in the air is the principal cause for increased respiratory and cardiovascular disorders like rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, atherosclerosis, and lung cancer. All of these effects are mediated through systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Clinical studies based on dietary administration (mainly antioxidants to counter the pro-inflammatory response) have suggested some therapeutic approaches, but there is limited research in the area and variability in the data available so far. Therefore, further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism of damage caused to the cardiopulmonary and nervous system so that appropriate intervention and amelioration strategies may be offered.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Government College Kosli, Indira Gandhi University Meerpur, Rewari, Haryana, India

    Manisha Saini

  2. Department of Zoology, Government College Bahadurgarh, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

    Monika Joon

  3. Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, School of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Sunil Kumar Saini

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  1. Manisha Saini
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  2. Monika Joon
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  3. Sunil Kumar Saini
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Correspondence to Manisha Saini .

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  1. Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Saurabh Sonwani

  2. Central Road Research Institute, Delhi, India

    Anuradha Shukla

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Saini, M., Joon, M., Saini, S.K. (2022). Human Health Effects of Particulate Matter. In: Sonwani, S., Shukla, A. (eds) Airborne Particulate Matter. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5387-2_9

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