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Use of Agrochemicals in Agriculture: Alarming Issues and Solutions

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Input Use Efficiency for Food and Environmental Security

Abstract

Agricultural growth affects the economic growth of a country through the supply of food and other raw materials to nonagricultural sectors, and it is quite obvious that agricultural productivity through judicious use of inputs could play a vital role in structural change in the economy. But the indiscriminate use, rather misuse of chemical inputs in agriculture, has led to many problems in our ecosystem. A rough estimate of pesticide usage among the different developing countries shows that East Asia (including China) and Latin America consume almost 70% of the total pesticide use with only 4% in Sub-Saharan Africa. Due to the irrational use of agrochemicals, the degree of pollution in soil, air, water, and ecosystem as a whole is a big concern for us. A typical estimate of soil surface nitrogen balance for agricultural land in India reveals that inorganic fertilizer is the major contributor of nitrogen inputs in the ecosystem (10.8 Tg N) followed by manure (1.53 Tg) and a positive balance of 2.32–1.89 Tg N was found which is responsible for various environmental hazards. The judicious use of inputs matching with the requirement of the crops and their application below residue detection limits are the priority areas to protect our future generations from hazardous effects and to provide food to every mouth on the other hand. We have to assess the harmful effects of various chemical inputs used in agriculture continuously, and suitable strategies are to be developed orienting towards the rational use of inputs. The major impacts of chemicals and their contaminants are alterations in species diversity, degradation of physical–chemical–biological parameters of soil, water, and atmosphere, making them of inferior quality. This chapter describes the impact of alarming uses of chemicals on agricultural systems, water bodies as well as on the environment on one hand, and framing of suitable strategies targeting judicious use of inputs in agriculture on the other. Strategies include sustainable resource management through conservation agriculture practices, site-specific nutrient management, precision farming, integrated management of pests and diseases, agricultural waste management, and use of nano-molecules in addition to some biotechnological tools and policy interventions.

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Abbreviations

BOD:

Biological oxygen demand

CA:

Conservation agriculture

CCC:

Critical coagulation concentration

CT:

Conventional tillage

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

GMO:

Genetically modified organism

GPS:

Global positioning system

HCH:

Hexachlorocyclohexane

HYVs:

High yielding varieties

IGP:

Indo-Gangetic Plains

KCC:

Kisan credit card

NUE:

Nutrient use efficiency

ORP:

Operational research project

PA:

Precision agriculture

PPVFRA:

Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers Right Act

QUEFTS:

Quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils

RTKGPS:

Real-time kinematic GPS

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

SSNM:

Site-specific nutrient management

UV:

Ultraviolet

VRI:

Variable rate irrigation

VRNA:

Variable rate nutrient application

VRPA:

Variable rate pesticide application

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, West Bengal, India

    Biplab Mitra

  2. Department of Agronomy, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar, India

    Arnab Roy Chowdhury

  3. Department of Agronomy, GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

    Prithwiraj Dey

  4. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Kali Krishna Hazra

  5. Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, West Bengal, India

    Abhas Kumar Sinha

  6. Soil Science Division Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

    Akbar Hossain

  7. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Swaroop Meena

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  1. Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Rajan Bhatt

  2. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Swaroop Meena

  3. Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

    Akbar Hossain

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Mitra, B. et al. (2021). Use of Agrochemicals in Agriculture: Alarming Issues and Solutions. In: Bhatt, R., Meena, R.S., Hossain, A. (eds) Input Use Efficiency for Food and Environmental Security. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5199-1_4

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