Skip to main content

Isoflavones of Soy: Chemistry and Health Benefits

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Edible Plants in Health and Diseases

Abstract

Nutrients impart an essential role in the prevention of various diseases. The biological activity of plant derived compounds allows their use to treat to various diseases. Isoflavones of Soy whose structure is analogous to 17-β-oestradiol are considered healthy in cardiovascular diseases and various types of cancer, such as prostate and breast cancer. It creates an immense need for further exploration of isoflavones. This can be achieved in the form of high quality clinical trials considering different perspectives. This would add to and enhance the present knowledge regarding them and ascertain their proper application to ameliorate different pathologies. This chapter has concisely tried to acknowledge and highlight all the crucial areas where application of soy Isoflavones has been studied keeping in view its chemistry as well.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Accorsi-Neto A, Haidar M, Simões R, Simões M, Soares J Jr, Baracat E (2009) Effects of isoflavones on the skin of postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 64(6):505–510. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1807-59322009000600004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alekel DL, Germain AS, Peterson CT, Hanson KB, Stewart JW, Toda T (2000) Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 72(3):844–852

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes S (2010) The biochemistry, chemistry and physiology of the isoflavones in soybeans and their food products. Lymphat Res Biol 8(1):89–98

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Behloul N, Wu G (2013) Genistein: a promising therapeutic agent for obesity and diabetes treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 698(1–3):31–38

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhathena SJ, Velasquez MT (2002) Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 76(6):1191–1201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blay M, Espinel A, Delgado MA, Baiges I, Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó M-J (2009) Isoflavone effect on gene expression profile and biomarkers of inflammation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 51:382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casini ML, Marelli G, Papaleo E, Ferrari A, D'Ambrosio F, Unfer V (2006) Psychological assessment of the effects of treatment with phytoestrogens on postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Fertil Steril 85(4):972–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.09.048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy A, Albertazzi P, Nielsen IL, Hall W, Williamson G, Tetens I et al (2006) Critical review of health effects of soybean phyto-oestrogens in post-menopausal women. Proc Nutr Soc 65(1):76–92

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castelo-Branco C, Cancelo Hidalgo MJ (2011) Isoflavones: effects on bone health. Climacteric 14(2):204–211. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2010.529198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cederroth CR, Nef S (2009) Soy, phytoestrogens and metabolism: a review. Mol Cell Endocrinol 304(1–2):30–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charles C, Yuskavage J, Carlson O, John M, Tagalicud AS, Maggio M et al (2009) Effects of high-dose isoflavones on metabolic and inflammatory markers in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause 16(2):395–400. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181857979

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen M, Lin C, Liu C (2015) Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Climacteric 18(2):260–269

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi EJ, Jung JY, Kim G-H (2014) Genistein inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of MCF-7 and 3T3-L1 cells via the regulation of ERα expression and induction of apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 8(2):454–458

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Christie DR, Grant J, Darnell BE, Chapman VR, Gastaldelli A, Sites CK (2010) Metabolic effects of soy supplementation in postmenopausal Caucasian and African American women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203(2):153

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dagdemir A, Durif J, Ngollo M, Bignon Y-J, Bernard-Gallon D (2013) Histone lysine trimethylation or acetylation can be modulated by phytoestrogen, estrogen or anti-HDAC in breast cancer cell lines. Epigenomics 5(1):51–63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dang Z, Löwik CW (2004) The balance between concurrent activation of ERs and PPARs determines daidzein-induced osteogenesis and adipogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 19(5):853–861

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das D, Sarkar S, Bordoloi J, Wann SB, Kalita J, Manna P (2018) Daidzein, its effects on impaired glucose and lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation associated with type 2 diabetes. Biofactors 44(5):407–417

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis JN, Kucuk O, Sarkar FH (1999) Genistein inhibits NF-kB activation in prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 35(2):167–174

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis JN, Kucuk O, Djuric Z, Sarkar FH (2001) Soy isoflavone supplementation in healthy men prevents NF-κB activation by TNF-α in blood lymphocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 30(11):1293–1302

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis JN, Kucuk O, Sarkar FH (2002) Expression of prostate-specific antigen is transcriptionally regulated by genistein in prostate cancer cells. Molecular Carcinogenesis 34(2):91–101

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Die MD, Bone KM, Williams SG, Pirotta MV (2014) Soy and soy isoflavones in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BJU Int 113(5b):E119–E130

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixit AK, Bhatnagar D, Kumar V, Chawla D, Fakhruddin K, Bhatnagar D (2012) Antioxidant potential and radioprotective effect of soy isoflavone against gamma irradiation induced oxidative stress. J Funct Foods 4(1):197–206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon RA, Sumner LW (2003) Legume natural products: understanding and manipulating complex pathways for human and animal health. Plant Physiol 131(3):878–885

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Esaki H, Kawakishi S, Morimitsu Y, Osawa T (1999) New potent antioxidative o-dihydroxyisoflavones in fermented Japanese soybean products. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63(9):1637–1639

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira Galduróz R, Galduróz J, Facco RL, Hachul H, Tufik S (2010) Effects of isoflavone on the learning and memory of women in menopause: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Braz J Med Biol Res 43:1123–1126. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2010007500104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman RR (2014) Menopausal hot flashes: mechanisms, endocrinology, treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 142:115–120

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz KL, Seppanen C, Kurzer MS, Csallany AS (2003) The in vivo antioxidant activity of soybean isoflavones in human subjects. Nutr Res 23(4):479–487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg S, Lule VK, Malik RK, Tomar SK (2016) Soy bioactive components in functional perspective: a review. Int J Food Prop 19(11):2550–2574

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert ER, Liu D (2013) Anti-diabetic functions of soy isoflavone genistein: mechanisms underlying its effects on pancreatic β-cell function. Food Funct 4(2):200–212

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gopaul R, Knaggs HE, Lephart ED (2012) Biochemical investigation and gene analysis of equol: a plant and soy-derived isoflavonoid with antiaging and antioxidant properties with potential human skin applications. Biofactors 38(1):44–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greathouse KL, Bredfeldt T, Everitt JI, Lin K, Berry T, Kannan K et al (2012) Environmental estrogens differentially engage the histone methyltransferase EZH2 to increase risk of uterine tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Res 10(4):546–557

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greendale GA, Huang MH, Leung K, Crawford SL, Gold EB, Wight R et al (2012) Dietary phytoestrogen intakes and cognitive function during the menopausal transition: results from the study of Women's health across the nation phytoestrogen study. Menopause 19(8):894–903. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e318242a654

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grossini E, Farruggio S, Raina G, Mary D, Deiro G, Gentilli S (2018) Effects of genistein on differentiation and viability of human visceral adipocytes. Nutrients 10(8):978

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guha N, Kwan ML, Quesenberry CP, Weltzien EK, Castillo AL, Caan BJ (2009) Soy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: the life after cancer epidemiology study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 118(2):395–405

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hämäläinen M, Nieminen R, Vuorela P, Heinonen M, Moilanen E (2007) Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kappaB activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kappaB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. Mediat Inflamm 2007:45673. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/45673

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Miller BL, Elble RJ, Reyes PF, Shoupe D et al (2000) Estrogen for Alzheimer's disease in women: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 54(2):295–301. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.54.2.295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson VW, St John JA, Hodis HN, Kono N, McCleary CA, Franke AA, Mack WJ (2012) Long-term soy isoflavone supplementation and cognition in women: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 78(23):1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hirota K, Morikawa K, Hanada H, Nonaka M, Nakajima Y, Kobayashi M, Nakajima R (2010) Effect of genistein and daidzein on the proliferation and differentiation of human preadipocyte cell line. J Agric Food Chem 58(9):5821–5827

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horton JD, Shimomura I, Brown MS, Hammer RE, Goldstein JL, Shimano H (1998) Activation of cholesterol synthesis in preference to fatty acid synthesis in liver and adipose tissue of transgenic mice overproducing sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2. J Clin Invest 101(11):2331–2339

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hüser S, Guth S, Joost H, Soukup S, Köhrle J, Kreienbrock L et al (2018) Effects of isoflavones on breast tissue and the thyroid hormone system in humans: a comprehensive safety evaluation. Arch Toxicol 92(9):2703–2748

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Irrera N, Pizzino G, D'Anna R, Vaccaro M, Arcoraci V, Squadrito F et al (2017) Dietary Management of Skin Health: the role of Genistein. Nutrients 9(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060622

  • Izumi T, Saito M, Obata A, Arii M, Yamaguchi H, Matsuyama A (2007) Oral intake of soy isoflavone aglycone improves the aged skin of adult women. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 53(1):57–62. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.53.57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins G, Wainwright LJ, Holland R, Barrett KE, Casey J (2014) Wrinkle reduction in post-menopausal women consuming a novel oral supplement: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study. Int J Cosmet Sci 36(1):22–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12087

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Judd HL, Cleary RE, Creasman WT, Figge DC, Kase N, Rosenwaks Z, Tagatz GE (1981) Estrogen replacement therapy. Obstet Gynecol 58(3):267–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juto P, Holm S (1991) Antibody responses to cytomegalovirus in serum and milk of newly delivered mothers. Adv Exp Med Biol 310:301–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3838-7_39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalaiselvan V, Kalaivani M, Vijayakumar A, Sureshkumar K, Venkateskumar K (2010) Current knowledge and future direction of research on soy isoflavones as a therapeutic agents. Pharmacogn Rev 4(8):111

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey JL, Horn-Ross PL (1993) Breast cancer: magnitude of the problem and descriptive epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 15(1):7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim W, Ryan CJ (2015) Quo vadis: advanced prostate cancer—clinical care and clinical research in the era of multiple androgen receptor-directed therapies. Cancer 121(3):361–371

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim E, Kang YG, Kim JH, Kim YJ, Lee TR, Lee J et al (2018) The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of 8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-HD) in activated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Int J Mol Sci, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071828

  • Křížová L, Dadáková K, Kašparovská J, Kašparovský T (2019) Isoflavones. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(6), 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061076

  • Kucuk O (2017) Soy foods, isoflavones, and breast cancer. Cancer 123(11):1901–1903

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurzer MS, Xu X (1997) Dietary phytoestrogens. Annu Rev Nutr 17(1):353–381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CH, Yang L, Xu JZ, Yeung SYV, Huang Y, Chen Z-Y (2005) Relative antioxidant activity of soybean isoflavones and their glycosides. Food chemistry, 90(4), 735-741. Doi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.034

  • Lephart ED (2013) Protective effects of equol and their polyphenolic isomers against dermal aging: microarray/protein evidence with clinical implications and unique delivery into human skin. Pharm Biol 51(11):1393–1400. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2013.793720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lephart ED (2017) Resveratrol, 4' Acetoxy resveratrol, R-equol, racemic Equol or S-equol as cosmeceuticals to improve dermal health. Int J Mol Sci 18(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061193

  • Li L, Xu L, Wu J, Dong L, Zhao S, Zheng Q (2016) Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 72(9):1051–1058

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang Y-S, Qi W-T, Guo W, Wang C-L, Hu Z-B, Li A-K (2018) Genistein and daidzein induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells by inhibiting the accumulation of lipid droplets. Food Nutr Res 62(0). doi: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1384

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu D, Zhen W, Yang Z, Carter JD, Si H, Reynolds KA (2006) Genistein acutely stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells through a cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway. Diabetes 55(4):1043–1050

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lund TD, Munson DJ, Haldy ME, Setchell KD, Lephart ED, Handa RJ (2004) Equol is a novel anti-androgen that inhibits prostate growth and hormone feedback. Biol Reprod 70(4):1188–1195. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.103.023713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma D-F, Qin L-Q, Wang P-Y, Katoh R (2008) Soy isoflavone intake increases bone mineral density in the spine of menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 27(1):57–64

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnet U, Urbanek C, Gaisberger D, Tomeva E, Dum E, Pointner A, Haslberger A (2017) Topical equol preparation improves structural and molecular skin parameters. International journal of cosmetic science, 39. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12408

  • Maheux R, Naud F, Rioux M, Grenier R, Lemay A, Guy J, Langevin M (1994) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effect of conjugated estrogens on skin thickness. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170(2):642–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(94)70242-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud AM, Zhu T, Parray A, Siddique HR, Yang W, Saleem M, Bosland MC (2013) Differential effects of genistein on prostate cancer cells depend on mutational status of the androgen receptor. PLoS One 8(10):e78479

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mathias K, Ismail B, Corvalan CM, Hayes KD (2006) Heat and pH effects on the conjugated forms of genistin and daidzin isoflavones. J Agric Food Chem 54(20):7495–7502

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews VL, Knutsen SF, Beeson WL, Fraser GE (2011) Soy milk and dairy consumption is independently associated with ultrasound attenuation of the heel bone among postmenopausal women: the Adventist health study–2. Nutr Res 31(10):766–775

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo B, Vázquez L, Flórez AB (2019) Equol: a bacterial metabolite from the daidzein isoflavone and its presumed beneficial health effects. Nutrients 11(9):2231

    CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Messina M (2016) Soy and health update: evaluation of the clinical and epidemiologic literature. Nutrients 8(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120754

  • Mezei O, Banz WJ, Steger RW, Peluso MR, Winters TA, Shay N (2003) Soy isoflavones exert antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects through the PPAR pathways in obese Zucker rats and murine RAW 264.7 cells. J Nutr 133(5):1238–1243

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Misso ML, Murata Y, Boon WC, Jones ME, Britt KL, Simpson ER (2003) Cellular and molecular characterization of the adipose phenotype of the aromatase-deficient mouse. Endocrinology 144(4):1474–1480

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammad-Shahi M, Haidari F, Rashidi B, Saei AA, Mahboob S, Rashidi MR (2011) Comparison of the effects of genistein and daidzein with dexamethasone and soy protein on rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Bioimpacts 1(3):161–170. https://doi.org/10.5681/bi.2011.022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Monteleone G, Caprioli F (2010) T-cell-directed therapies in inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 118(12):707–715. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs20100027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morabito N, Crisafulli A, Vergara C, Gaudio A, Lasco A, Frisina N et al (2002) Effects of genistein and hormone-replacement therapy on bone loss in early postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Bone Miner Res 17(10):1904–1912

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller M, Hobiger S, Jungbauer A (2010) Red clover extract: a source for substances that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and ameliorate the cytokine secretion profile of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Menopause 17(2):379–387. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181c94617

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mujić I, Šertović E, Jokić S, Sarić Z, Alibabić V, Vidović S, Živković J (2011) Isoflavone content and antioxidant properties of soybean seeds. Croatian journal of food science and technology 3(1):16–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Naaz A, Yellayi S, Zakroczymski MA, Bunick D, Doerge DR, Lubahn DB et al (2003) The soy isoflavone genistein decreases adipose deposition in mice. Endocrinology 144(8):3315–3320

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kawakami N, Shimizu H (2001) Soy product intake and hot flashes in Japanese women: results from a community-based prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 153(8):790–793

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima N, Nozaki N, Ishihara K, Ishikawa A, Tsuji H (2005) Analysis of isoflavone content in tempeh, a fermented soybean, and preparation of a new isoflavone-enriched tempeh. J Biosci Bioeng 100(6):685–687

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neese SL, Bandara SB, Doerge DR, Helferich WG, Korol DL, Schantz SL (2012) Effects of multiple daily genistein treatments on delayed alternation and a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task in middle-aged rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 34(1):187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2011.09.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ørgaard A, Jensen L (2008) The effects of soy isoflavones on obesity. Exp Biol Med 233(9):1066–1080

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyama A, Ueno T, Uchiyama S, Aihara T, Miyake A, Kondo S, Matsunaga K (2012) The effects of natural S-equol supplementation on skin aging in postmenopausal women: a pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial. Menopause 19(2):202–210. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e318227427b

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pabich M, Materska M (2019a) Biological effect of soy isoflavones in the prevention of civilization diseases. Nutrients 11(7):1660

    CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pabich M, Materska M (2019b) Biological effect of soy Isoflavones in the prevention of civilization diseases. Nutrients 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071660

  • Pasqualini JR, Chetrite GS (2005) Recent insight on the control of enzymes involved in estrogen formation and transformation in human breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 93(2–5):221–236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patisaul HB, Jefferson W (2010) The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Front Neuroendocrinol 31(4):400–419

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pflugbeil C (1990) Venous diseases in workers with jobs requiring standing. Z Gesamte Hyg 36(4):197–198

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pudenz M, Roth K, Gerhauser C (2014) Impact of soy isoflavones on the epigenome in cancer prevention. Nutrients 6(10):4218–4272

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen ED (2005) The transcriptional basis of adipocyte development. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 73(1):31–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L, Harris W, Kris-Etherton P, Winston M (2006) Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association science advisory for professionals from the nutrition committee. Circulation 113(7):1034–1044

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto Y, Naka A, Ohara N, Kondo K, Iida K (2014) Daidzein regulates proinflammatory adipokines thereby improving obesity-related inflammation through PPARγ. Mol Nutr Food Res 58(4):718–726. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shafiee G, Saidijam M, Tavilani H, Ghasemkhani N, Khodadadi I (2016) Genistein induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of HT29 colon cancer cells. Int J Mol Cellul Med 5(3):178–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah MG, Maibach HI (2001) Estrogen and skin. An overview. Am J Clin Dermatol 2(3):143–150. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200102030-00003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sivoňová MK, Kaplán P, Tatarková Z, Lichardusová L, Dušenka R, Jurečeková J (2019) Androgen receptor and soy isoflavones in prostate cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 10(2):191–204

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takaoka O, Mori T, Ito F, Okimura H, Kataoka H, Tanaka Y et al (2018) Daidzein-rich isoflavone aglycones inhibit cell growth and inflammation in endometriosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 181:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas AJ, Ismail R, Taylor-Swanson L, Cray L, Schnall JG, Mitchell ES, Woods NF (2014) Effects of isoflavones and amino acid therapies for hot flashes and co-occurring symptoms during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: a systematic review. Maturitas 78(4):263–276

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Touillaud MS, Thiébaut AC, Fournier A, Niravong M, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Clavel-Chapelon F (2007) Dietary lignan intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk by estrogen and progesterone receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst 99(6):475–486

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tousen Y, Ezaki J, Fujii Y, Ueno T, Nishimuta M, Ishimi Y (2011) Natural S-equol decreases bone resorption in postmenopausal, non-equol-producing Japanese women: a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause 18(5):563–574

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyug TS, Prasad KN, Ismail A (2010) Antioxidant capacity, phenolics and isoflavones in soybean by-products. Food Chem 123(3):583–589

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Ge X, Tian X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang P (2013) Soy isoflavone: the multipurpose phytochemical. Biomedical Rep 1(5):697–701

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward L, Pasinetti GM (2016) Recommendations for development of botanical polyphenols as “natural drugs” for promotion of resilience against stress-induced depression and cognitive impairment. NeuroMol Med 18(3):487–495

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widyarini S (2006) Protective effect of the isoflavone equol against DNA damage induced by ultraviolet radiation to hairless mouse skin. J Vet Sci 7(3):217–223. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2006.7.3.217

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Widyarini S, Spinks N, Husband AJ, Reeve VE (2001) Isoflavonoid compounds from red clover (Trifolium pratense) protect from inflammation and immune suppression induced by UV radiation. Photochem Photobiol 74(3):465–470. https://doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0465:icfrct>2.0.co;2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Widyarini S, Husband AJ, Reeve VE (2005) Protective effect of the Isoflavonoid Equol against hairless mouse skin carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation alone or with a chemical Cocarcinogen. Photochem Photobiol 81(1):32–37. 36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman H (1997) Dietary phytoestrogens: disease prevention versus potential hazards. Nutr Food Sci

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao Y, Zhang S, Tong H, Shi S (2018) Comprehensive evaluation of the role of soy and isoflavone supplementation in humans and animals over the past two decades. Phytother Res 32(3):384–394. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yen GC, Lai HH (2003) Inhibition of reactive nitrogen species effects in vitro and in vivo by isoflavones and soy-based food extracts. J Agric Food Chem 51(27):7892–7900. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034876b

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yousef MI, Kamel KI, Esmail AM, Baghdadi HH (2004) Antioxidant activities and lipid lowering effects of isoflavone in male rabbits. Food Chem Toxicol 42(9):1497–1503

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu O, Jung W, Shi J, Croes RA, Fader GM, McGonigle B, Odell JT (2000) Production of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in non-legume dicot and monocot tissues. Plant Physiol 124(2):781–794

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yue X, Abdallah AM, Xu Z (2010) Distribution of isoflavones and antioxidant activities of soybean cotyledon, coat and germ. J Food Proc Preserv 34(5):795–806

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaheer K, Humayoun Akhtar M (2017a) An updated review of dietary isoflavones: nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57(6):1280–1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2014.989958

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaheer K, Humayoun Akhtar M (2017b) An updated review of dietary isoflavones: nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57(6):1280–1293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H-Y, Cui J, Zhang Y, Wang Z-L, Chong T, Wang Z-M (2016) Isoflavones and prostate cancer: a review of some critical issues. Chin Med J 129(3):341

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P, Mak JC, Man RY, Leung SW (2019) Flavonoids reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced release of inflammatory mediators in human bronchial epithelial cells: structure-activity relationship. Eur J Pharmacol 865:172731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou P, Wang C, Hu Z, Chen W, Qi W, Li A (2017) Genistein induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells by reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal via a Notch1/NF-κB/slug/E-cadherin pathway. BMC Cancer 17(1):813. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3829-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu J, Ren J, Tang L (2018) Genistein inhibits invasion and migration of colon cancer cells by recovering WIF1 expression. Mol Med Rep 17(5):7265–7273. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roohi Mohi-ud-din .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mir, R.H. et al. (2022). Isoflavones of Soy: Chemistry and Health Benefits. In: Masoodi, M.H., Rehman, M.U. (eds) Edible Plants in Health and Diseases . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4880-9_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics