Abstract
The second chapter, Energy: notes on crisis, diversification of matrices, and geopolitics, brings a historical approach on the environment as a base for resources which have been used in the modes of production and on the process that triggered the energy crisis. The first section of the chapter addresses issues related to energy security and the second section focusses on the challenges imposed by this crisis to justify the need to invest in an energy matrix based on renewable energy sources. After that, the third section discusses energy geopolitics to highlight how important energy is for the relationship among National States and how the understanding about geopolitics, particularly in the field of energy, is essential for understanding the countries’ positions in the international scenario. Thus, it is shown that, given the needs and the expertise in the energy area, cooperation emerges as a crucial element for the balance of the energy system.
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Notes
- 1.
In addition to atmospheric pollution, oil exploitation can generate other types of environmental pollution and, even accidentally, it can generate serious impacts, for example, oil spill on the coasts.
- 2.
Cf. historic about COPs in UNFCCC (2015).
- 3.
It is worth mentioning that the increase in population will not necessarily cause an increase in energy consumption per inhabitant—since society is unequal. Demographic density is something that should also be taken into account in terms of the impact of population growth in relation to energy use. Migrating from large centers to smaller urban centers may become a tendency. In the large centers, this could lead to a decrease in the concentration of energy; for the smaller centers, it may lead to an increase of renewable energy use. The topic of migration and renewable energy should be further explored in the coming years.
- 4.
Considering the semantic vagueness of the term sustainable, to refer to the new and emerming paradigm that is based on economic growth linked to environmental preservation and conservation with quality of life for the diverse populations it was decided to adopt the term “eco-sustainable”.
- 5.
The geographic space is understood in this work as more than a simple physical cut of a region. Considering society and nature itself as dynamic, the geographical space here is understood also as synonymous of the socio-spatial relations. According to Henri Lefébvre (1991), these relations are conceived as economic, political, and symbolic-cultural. Thus, geographic space takes on forms beyond what can be called physical space.
- 6.
Another example of a cross-border energy project is the Itaipu Plant, which joints Brazil and Paraguay; currently the second largest hydroelectric plant in the world.
- 7.
However, because of the crisis in the process of globalization, it is interesting to observe how the issues related to energy integration will unfold.
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Arrais de Miranda Mousinho, M.C. (2021). Energy: Notes on Crisis, Diversification of Matrices and Geopolitics. In: Brazil-India Renewable Energy Cooperation. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4877-9_2
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