Abstract
A social welfare system is a social system that responds to and meets the welfare needs of social members. It is necessary to establish a social welfare system according to the structure of welfare needs of social members. According to the baseline equity welfare system, the welfare needs can be divided into two levels: baseline welfare needs and non-baseline welfare needs. Correspondingly, the universally integrated social welfare system includes three basic types: the baseline welfare system, which meets the baseline welfare needs and manifests the consistency of rights; the non-baseline welfare system, which meets the non-baseline welfare needs and manifests differences of rights; and the cross-baseline welfare system that takes into account both the baseline and non-baseline needs, manifesting both the consistency and differences of rights of social members.
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Notes
- 1.
Tang [1, p. 118].
- 2.
Jing [2, p. 288].
- 3.
Hu [3, pp. 62–63].
- 4.
Ministry of Civil Affairs, Statistical Bulletin on Social Service Development in China in 2011. http://cws.mca.gov.cn/article/tjbg/201210/20121000362598.shtml.
- 5.
Hu [3, p. 73].
- 6.
Ministry of Civil Affairs, Statistical Bulletin on Social Service Development in China in 2011. http://cws.mca.gov.cn/article/tjbg/201210/20121000362598.shtml.
- 7.
Ding [4, p. 73].
- 8.
Jing [2, p. 257].
- 9.
Zhang Li, China’s 30 Years’ Educational Achievements since Reform and opening-up and Future Prospects, http://www.sociology.cass.cn/shxw/zxwz/t20081008_18851.htm.
- 10.
Jing [5].
- 11.
Zhang and Chen [6, p. 113].
- 12.
China’s choice of the “personal account” system among various social security systems also stems from the country’s profound welfare tradition, in addition to the consideration of attracting and stimulating welfare funds. But the topic is too complicated to be discussed here.
- 13.
Zheng [7, p. 65].
- 14.
Ibid., p. 105.
- 15.
Zheng [8, p. 226].
- 16.
Song [9, p. 127].
- 17.
Zheng [8, pp. 226–227].
- 18.
Website of the central government: http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2011-02/23/content_1808854.htm.
- 19.
Yu and Hu [10].
- 20.
From the website of the Ministry of Health: http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohzcfgs/s9664/200904/40042.htm.
- 21.
Zheng [8, p. 330].
- 22.
Zheng [7, p. 342].
- 23.
Zheng [7, p. 103].
- 24.
Zhang [6, p. 47].
- 25.
Zheng [7, p. 79].
- 26.
Cheng [11, pp. 52–53].
- 27.
The “family account” in the new rural cooperative medical scheme is essentially an extended “individual account” and thus can be treated as “individual account”.
- 28.
Jing [12, p. 173].
- 29.
Social mutual assistance is not an equivalent of social assistance, because the latter is not only unidirectional but also led by the government.
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Jing, T. (2021). The Universally Integrated Social Welfare System. In: The Welfare System of Universal Integration in China. Understanding China. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4839-7_5
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