Abstract
Until the early 1990s, Japan’s aid specifically prioritized the industrialization of developing nations and the economic infrastructure underpinning it. The Japanese perception on the effectiveness of aid to developing countries differs from the Western view which is more pessimistic. Japanese perceived their experiences of cooperation for East-Asian countries’ economic development and its benefits more positively and in her own interests which are the main reasons why Japan continued to prioritize the economic aspects of aid. At the same time, it is also important to recognize that Japan made substantial efforts to assist recipient countries’ poverty reduction and human development from the late 1990s on, which has made a discussion of Japan’s aid complex due to its dual nature. As the number of Japanese professionals and scholars increasingly engaged with the global epistemic international development community which focused on poverty reduction, they helped the country widen her scope of aid to incorporate poverty reduction and peace-building under the novel concept of human security.
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Notes
- 1.
The Fukuda doctrine was presented in Manila, the Philippines by then Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda to restore relations with Southeast Asian countries which had been seriously damaged partly due to their perception of Japan’s selfish attitude toward them. Fukuda, in his speech, wanted Southeast Asians to know that, “Japan has already announced a policy of more than doubling its official development assistance within the next five years. We anticipate that an important part of this assistance will continue to be for industrial projects, or for infrastructure improvement which will facilitate industrialization in Southeast Asia” (Fukuda doctrine speech, 1977).
- 2.
The five principles of the Paris Declaration are ownership, alignment, harmonization, managing for results, and mutual accountability (OECD, 2005).
- 3.
Keizo Obuchi’s speech in Vietnam (1998).
- 4.
It means that Japan’s loan aid was more concentrated on the Low and Middle-income Countries (LMICs) and Upper Middle Income Countries (UMICs).
- 5.
Accessed on March 8, 2021 from https://stats.oecd.org/#.
- 6.
Indonesia was considered one of the Lower Middle Income Countries (LMICs) in 1996, but from 1997 to 2004 it was categorized as Other Low Income Countries (LICs) affected by the Asia Financial Crisis. Indonesia was categorized as a LMIC again from 2005 to 2010 (OECD, 1996b, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2006b, 2007, 2008, 2010a).
- 7.
Accessed on March 8, 2021 from https://stats.oecd.org/#.
- 8.
The authors’ interviews with aid officials from 2015 to 2021.
- 9.
Interview with an anonymous Japanese scholar with field experience in international organizations (conducted on 18 April, 2021).
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Interviews
The authors’ interviews with aid officials from 2015 to 2021.
The interview with an anonymous Japanese scholar who has field experiences in international organizations (conducted on 18 April, 2021).
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Jung, H., Takahashi, M. (2022). Quest for Sublation of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction: Dual Features of Japan’s Aid in the Post-Cold War Era and After. In: Kwon, Hj., Yamagata, T., Kim, E., Kondoh, H. (eds) International Development Cooperation of Japan and South Korea. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4601-0_5
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