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Symbiotic Native Microorganisms of Quinoa in the Bolivian Altiplano

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Biology and Biotechnology of Quinoa

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Abstract

Quinoa evolved in the highland area of Bolivia and other Andean countries in an extreme zone, with altitudes between 2800 and 4000 m above sea level, semiarid climates with low precipitation (250 mm/year), temperatures from −3 to 21 °C, soils with less than 1% organic matter, and a weak structure without aggregates. At the same time, quinoa co-evolved with symbiotic microorganisms, which provide different environmental services. Microorganisms were isolated from different parts of the quinoa plants, including grains, leaves, roots, and the rhizoplane and rhizosphere, which were molecularly identified. We mainly found filamentous fungi and bacteria of the Bacillus genus and other genera. These microorganisms were analyzed to understand the functional relationship with the plant, determining the production capacity of phytohormones, the recycling of nutrients, and the suppression of soil pathogens. The effect of the metabolites generated by symbiotic filamentous fungi was also analyzed. Taken together, the present study revealed that quinoa harbors a large number of diverse cultivable symbiotic bacteria and fungi that also serve as new sources of beneficial microorganisms and bioactive metabolites.

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Acknowledgments

The authors dedicate this chapter to Dr. Antonio Gandarillas (deceased June 20, 2020), a passionate researcher of quinoa and leader of the PROINPA Foundation. We are grateful to those who financed the research: the PROINPA Foundation, FONTAGRO-BID, McKnight Foundation, IP (Government Fund Holland), and CABOLQUI (Bolivian Chamber of Quinoa) and also to the Faculty of Agricultural and Livestock Sciences of the Universidad Mayor de San Simón (FCAP-UMSS).

The book editors are very thankful to Dr. Biswajit Saha, Center for Spanish Studies, School of Languages, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, who helped in translating this chapter from Spanish to English.

The book editors would also like to thank Mr. Inderbir Singh Kochar, Director of Amity Institute of Languages, Amity University, for encouraging them to do this project.

Dr. Saha would like to express special thanks of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ajit Varma, who gave him the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project of translation on the topic “Symbiosis Native Microorganisms of the Quinoa in the Bolivian Altiplano,” which also helped him to learn so many new things and increased his knowledge.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioproducts, Department of Phytotechnics, Faculty of Agricultural and Livestock Sciences, Universidad Mayor de San Simón (UMSS), Cochabamba, Bolivia

    Noel Ortuño

  2. School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Imbabura, Ecuador

    José A. Castillo

  3. Independent Consultant, Cochabamba, Bolivia

    Mayra Claros

Authors
  1. Noel Ortuño
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  2. José A. Castillo
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  3. Mayra Claros
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Noel Ortuño .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Amity Institute Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ajit Varma

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Ortuño, N., Castillo, J.A., Claros, M. (2021). Symbiotic Native Microorganisms of Quinoa in the Bolivian Altiplano. In: Varma, A. (eds) Biology and Biotechnology of Quinoa. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3832-9_7

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