Abstract
The plastic recycling sector in its transition to the Circular Economy model is facing numerous challenges such as multilayer films recovering, flexible plastics, low-quality recyclates, consumers safety, and bioplastics, among others. The demand for high quality recycled products is expected to increase due to social pressure and new legislation, especially in the EU. Nevertheless, conventional recycling processes are not able to meet the quality requirements of more demanding applications intended to become in direct contact with the consumer. Therefore, new recycling technologies must be implemented to ensure the recovery of more challenging materials (for instance, multilayer films) and to maintain the quality of recycled products at a high level. Some innovative technologies that are being developed are delamination of multilayer films in a water-based solution, removal of undesired odours by steam stripping, and removal of less volatile contaminants using a water-soluble heavy solvent. High quality recycled pellets will be used in high added value applications usually in direct contact with the consumer such as cosmetics packaging, personal care products packaging, toys, kitchenware, car interior parts, etc. In this way, the highest environmental benefits will be produced, and the plastics sector will be more circular.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achilias DS et al (2007) Chemical recycling of plastic wastes made from polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) and polypropylene (PP). J Hazard Mater 149(3)536–542
Achilias DS, Karayannidis GP (2004) The chemical recycling of PET in the framework of sustainable development. Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus 4(4–5):385–396
Agüero A et al (2019) Study of the influence of the reprocessing cycles on the final properties of polylactide pieces obtained by injection molding. Polymers 11(12):1908
Aimplas (2013) Final report summary—CLIPP. (Study of Recyclability of Printed Or Laminated Plastic Packaging Films using CO2 Supercritical Technologies). http://www.cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/57384_en.html
Åkesson D, Kuzhanthaivelu G, Bohlén M (2020) Effect of a small amount of thermoplastic starch blend on the mechanical recycling of conventional plastics. J Polym Environ, pp 1–7
Alaerts L, Augustinus M, Van Acker K (2018) Impact of bio-based plastics on current recycling of plastics. Sustainability 10(5):1487
Auras R, Harte B, Selke S (2004) An overview of polylactides as packaging materials. Macromolecul Biosci 4(9):835–864
Barret A (2018) PepsiCo goes for bioplastic bottles
Belsey Priebe M (2011) How to recycle PVC
Ben Said A et al (2016) Supercritical CO2 extraction of contaminants from polypropylene intended for food contact: effects of contaminant molecular structure and processing parameters. J Supercrit Fluids 110:22–31. ISSN 0896-8446
Bugnicourt E et al (2014) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): review of synthesis, characteristics, processing and potential applications in packaging
Burberry (2018) Product restricted substances list—version
Cabanes A et al (2020) Odorant composition of post-consumer LDPE bags originating from different collection systems. Waste Manag 104:228–238
Cabanes A, Fullana A (2021) New methods to remove volatile organic compounds from post-consumer plastic waste. Sci Total Environ 758:144066
Cabanes A, Valdés FJ, Fullana AA (2020) Review on VOCs from recycled plastics. Sustain Mater Technol 25:e00179
Casalini T et al (2019) A perspective on polylactic acid-based polymers use for nanoparticles synthesis and applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 7
Castro-Aguirre E et al (2016) Poly(Lactic Acid)—mass production, processing, industrial applications, and end of life. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 107:333–366
Cervantes-Reyes A et al (2015) Solvent effect in the polyethylene recovery from multilayer postconsumer aseptic packaging. Waste Manag 38(1):61–64. Accessed 28 Nov 2017
Chen Y et al (2019) Life cycle assessment of end-of-life treatments of waste plastics in China. Resour Conserv Recycl 146:348–357
Chotipong A et al (2003) Effects of concentration, pH, and temperature on ink removal from printed high density polyethylene sheets by Alkyl-Trimethylammonium Bromides. UNKNOWN
Chotipong A et al (2006) Removal of solvent-based ink from printed surface of HDPE bottles by Alkyltrimethylammonium bromides: effects of surfactant concentration and Alkyl chain length. Colloid Polym Sci 284(9):980–989
Chotipong A et al (2007) Removal of solvent-based ink from printed surface of high-density polyethylene bottles by Alkyltrimethylammonium bromides: effects of pH, temperature, and salinity. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspect 297(1):163–171
Clark DI (2018) Reference module in food science Elsevier. In: Food packaging and sustainability: a manufacturer’s view
De Carvalho GM, Muniz EC, Rubira AF (2006) Hydrolysis of post-consume Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) with sulfuric acid and product characterization by WAXD, 13C NMR and DSC. Polym Degrad Stabil 91(6)1326–1332
De Lima AGB et al (2016) Drying and energy technologies Springer. In: Drying of bioproducts: quality and energy aspects, pp 1–18
De Tandt E et al (2021) A recycler’s perspective on the implications of REACH and food contact material (FCM) regulations for the mechanical recycling of FCM plastics. Waste Manag 119:315–329
Dilkes-Hoffman LS et al (2019) Plastics to energy. In: Al-Salem SM (ed) The role of biodegradable plastic in solving plastic solid waste accumulation. William Andrew Publishing, pp 469–505
Domene-López D et al (2018) Study of the behavior of biodegradable starch/polyvinyl alcohol/rosin blends. Carbohydr Polym 202:299–305
Domene-López D et al (2019a) Influence of starch composition and molecular weight on physicochemical properties of biodegradable films. Polymers 11(7):1084
Domene-López D et al (2019b) Comparative study on properties of starch films obtained from potato, corn and wheat using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate as plasticizer. Inte J Biol Macromol 135:845–854
Domene-López D et al (2020) Electroconductive starch/multi-walled carbon nanotube films plasticized by 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Carbohydr Polym 229:115545
DuPont (2017) Polymer compatibilizer improves the value of blended or recycled plastics
EcoProducts (2021) Post-consumer recycled polystyrene
EFSA CEF Panel (2010) Scientific opinion on the safety evaluation of the process,” PP Crates CHEP”, used to recycle plastic for use as food contact materials EFSA panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids (CEF) 2, 3. EFSA J 8:12
EFSA Cef Panel (2012) Scientific opinion on the safety evaluation of the process “INTERSEROH Step 1” used to recycle polypropylene crates for use as food contact material. EFSA J 10(10):2912
EFSA CEF Pannel (2013a) scientific opinion on the safety evaluation of the process “CO. NIP” used to recycle polypropylene and polyethylene crates for use as food contact material. EFSA J 11(4):3157
EFSA CEF Panel (2013b) Scientific opinion on the safety evaluation of the process “Schoeller Arca Systems”, used to recycle polypropylene and high‐density polyethylene crates for use as food contact material. EFSA J 11(4)3187
Egharevba HO (2019) Chemical properties of starchintechopen. Chem Propert Starch Appl Food Ind
EPA (2018) Advancing sustainable materials management: 2015 fact sheet
Fraunhofer ICT (n.d.) Emission and Odor reduction during compounding
Eriksen MK et al (2019) Quality assessment and circularity potential of recovery systems for household plastic waste. J Ind Ecol 23(1)156–168
European Bioplastics (2019) Bioplastocs market development update. Berlin ed
European Commission (2018) A European strategy for plastics in a circular economy. COM
European Commission (2019) Assessment report of the voluntary pledges under annex III of the European strategy for plastics in a circular economy
Fullana A (2020) Multilayer film delamination process for plastics recycling. University of Alicante
Fullana A, Lozano A (2015) Method for removing ink printed on plastic films
Fych Technologies (2021). https://www.fychtech.com/
Gamma Meccanica (2016) Cleaning system for the removal of printing ink from flexible plastic films
García Fernández S (2011) Procedure for obtaining Rpet (Recovered Tereftalate Polyethylene) from the complex sheet, subproduct of the extrusion, thermonformed and packaging industries
Gecol H et al (2001) Use of surfactants to remove water based inks from plastic films. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspect 189(1–3):55–64. Accessed 28 Nov 2017
Gecol H et al (2002) Deinking of water-based ink printing from plastic film using nonionic surfactants. J Surfact Deterg 5(4):363–374. Accessed 28 Nov2017
Gecol H et al (2003) Use of surfactants to remove solvent-based inks from plastic films. Colloid Polym Sci 281(12):1172–1177. Accessed 28 Nov 2017
Gecol H et al (2004) Use of surfactants to remove water-based inks from plastic film: effect of calcium ion concentration and length of surfactant hydrophobe. Colloid Polym Sci 283(2):154–163. Accessed 28 Nov 2017
Georgiopoulou I et al (2021) Recycling of post-consumer multilayer Tetra Pak® packaging with the selective dissolution-precipitation process. Resour Conserv Recycl 165:105268
Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017) Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci Adv 3(7):e1700782
Gourlay SJ et al (1978) Biocompatibility testing of polymers: in vivo implantation studies. J Biomed Mater Res 12(2):219–232. ISSN 0021-9304. Accessed 03 Jan 2021
Hassan SQ, Timberlake DL (1992) Steam stripping and batch distillation for the removal and/Or recovery of volatile organic compounds from industrial wastes. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 42(7):936–943
Hatti-Kaul R et al (2020) Designing biobased recyclable polymers for plastics. Trends Biotechnol 38(1):50–67
Horodytska O, Valdés FJ, Fullana A (2018a) Centrifugal dewatering performance in plastic films recycling. Waste Manag 80:211–217
Horodytska O, Valdés FJ, Fullana A (2018b) Plastic flexible films waste management—a state of art review. Waste Manag 77:413–425
Horodytska O, Cabanes A, Fullana A (2020) Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in recycled plastics. Chemosphere 251:126373
Janković-Častvan I et al (2015) Improvement of the mechanical properties of paper by starch coatings modified with sepiolite nanoparticles. Starch Stärke 67(3–4):373–380. ISSN 0038-9056. Accessed 03 Jan 2021
Jeziórska R (2003) Recycling of multilayer films by reactive extrusion. Polim/Polym 48(2):130–133. Accessed 28 Nov 2017
Jian J, X Z, Xianbo H (2020) An overview on synthesis, properties and applications of Poly(Butylene-Adipate-Co-Terephthalate)–PBAT. Adv Ind Eng Polym Res 3(1):19–26
Johansson H, Ackermann PW (1995) Method of recovering individual component parts from packaging material waste
Kaiser K, Schmid M, Schlummer M (2018) Recycling of polymer-based multilayer packaging: a review. Recycling 3(1):1
Lamberti FM, Román-Ramírez LA, Wood J (2020) Recycling of bioplastics: routes and benefits. J Polym Environ 1–21
Leadbitter J (2003) Packaging materials 5: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for food packaging applications. ISBN 1-57881-161-9
Lenczak JL, de Aragão GMF (2011) Biotechnologically produced biodegradable polyesters. In: Handbook of biodegradable polymers: isolation, synthesis, characterization and applications, pp 23–44
Linder W, Thiele A, Gorski G (2004) Method for obtaining ldpe from used plastic films
Lovis F, Seibt H, Kernbaum S (2015) Method and apparatus for recycling packaging material
Lule ZC, Oh H, Kim J (2020) Enhanced directional thermal conductivity of polylactic acid/polybutylene adipate terephthalate ternary composite filled with oriented and surface treated boron nitride. Polym Test 86:106495
Metalúrgica Rhaaplex (2011) Printing remover machine Rhaaplex. http://www.rhaaplex.com.br/
Mukhopadhyay A (2004) Process of de-lamination of multi-layer laminated packaging industrial refuse
Musioł M et al (2018) (Bio)Degradable polymeric materials for a sustainable future—part 1. organic recycling of PLA/PBAT blends in the form of prototype packages with long shelf-life. Waste Manag 77:447–454
Oliveira TA et al (2017) Effect of reprocessing cycles on the degradation of PP/PBAT-thermoplastic starch blends. Carbohydr Polym 168:52–60
Patel KM, Vaviya MM, Patel MH (2016) Process for recovering low-density polyethylene from flexible packaging material
Pawar SP et al (2015) Enzymatically degradable and flexible bio-nanocomposites derived from PHBV and PBAT blend: assessing thermal, morphological, mechanical, and biodegradation properties. Colloid Polym Sci 293(10)2921–2930
Pawlak A et al (2002) Recycling of postconsumer Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) and high-density polyethylene by compatibilized blending. J Appl Polym Sci 86(6):1473–1485
Piolat A (2004) Method and apparatus for recycling printed plastic films
Plastics Europe (2020) Plastics—the facts 2020. In: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data
PlasticsEurope (2021) Polyilefins
Plavec R et al (2020) Recycling possibilities of bioplastics based on PLA/PHB blends. Polym Test 92:106880
Procter & Gamble (2020) Ingredients
Rivas LF et al (2017) Reprocessability of PHB in extrusion: ATR-FTIR, tensile tests and thermal studies. Polímeros 27(2):122–128
Roosen M et al (2021) Towards a better understanding of Odor removal from post-consumer plastic film waste: a kinetic study on deodorization efficiencies with different washing media. Waste Manag 120:564–575
RSE USA (2017) Film recycling investment report
Ruderman RJ et al (1973) Scanning electron microscopic study of surface changes on biodegradable sutures. J Biomed Mater Res 7(2):215–229. ISSN 0021-9304. Accessed 3 Jan 2021
Samorì C et al (2017) Application of switchable hydrophilicity solvents for recycling multilayer packaging materials. Green Chemistry 19(7):1714–1720
Santana ÁL, Meireles MAA (2014) New starches are the trend for industry applications: a review. Food Public Health 4(5):229–241
Selke SEM, Culter JD (2016) Plastics packaging, 3rd edn. In: Selke SEM, Culter JD (eds) Hanser 4—major plastics in packaging, pp 101–157
Sharma H (2017) Innovative and sustainable application of PET bottle a green construction overview. Indian J Sci Technol 10(16):1–6
Shen L, Worrell E, Patel M (2010) Present and future development in plastics from biomass. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 4(1)25-40. ISSN 1932-104X. Accessed 01 Jan 2021
Songsiri D et al (2002) Use of cationic surfactant to remove solvent-based ink from rigid high density polyethylene surfaces. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspect 204(1):261–269
Soroudi A, Jakubowicz I (2013) Recycling of bioplastics, their blends and biocomposites: a review. European Polym J 49(10):2839–2858
Spiegel S (2018) Recent advances in applied polymer science. J Appl Polym Sci 135(24):46279. ISSN 0021-8995
Strangl M et al (2018) Comparison of the odorant composition of post-consumer high-density polyethylene Waste with corresponding recycled and Virgin pellets by combined instrumental and sensory analysis. J Clean Prod 181:599–607
Suschem (2020) Sustainable plastics strategy
Tabone MD et al (2010) Sustainability metrics: life cycle assessment and green design in polymers. Environ Sci Technol 44(21):8264–8269
Tetra Pak (2020) Tetra Pak history
The Dow Chemical Company (2017) Dow Resin compatibilizer helps give film scrap a second chance at life
Tiseo I (2020) PET plastic bottle recycling rates in select countries 2018
Uehara GA, França MP, Canevarolo Junior SV (2015) Recycling assessment of multilayer flexible packaging films using design of experiments. Polimeros 25(4):371–381. Accessed 28 Nov 2017
Vasile C, Pascu M (2005) Practical guide to polyethylenerapra technology, 2005. 2-Basic Types, pp 15-39. ISBN 1-85957-493-9
Webster K (2017) The circular economy: a wealth of flows. Ellen MacArthur Foundation Publishing
Welle F (2014) Food additives and packaging American chemical society, 2014. In: Food law compliance of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) food packaging materials, pp 167–195. ISBN 9780841230248
Wyser Y, Leterrier Y, Månson J-AE (2017) Effect of inclusions and blending on the mechanical performance of recycled multilayer PP/PET/SiOx films. J Appl Polym Sci 78(4):910–918
Zhu Y, Romain C, Williams CK (2016) Sustainable polymers from renewable resources. Nature 540(7633):354–362
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Oksana, H., Andrea, C., Daniel, DL., Andrés, F. (2021). Applications and Future of Recycling and Recycled Plastics. In: Parameswaranpillai, J., Mavinkere Rangappa, S., Gulihonnehalli Rajkumar, A., Siengchin, S. (eds) Recent Developments in Plastic Recycling. Composites Science and Technology . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3627-1_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3627-1_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-3626-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-3627-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)