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Military History

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Hong Kong History

Part of the book series: Hong Kong Studies Reader Series ((HKSRS))

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Abstract

Military history has a minor role in historical narratives about Hong Kong during the Colonial Period (1840–1997). Such treatment is somewhat surprising, as Hong Kong had been an important British military and naval post until the 1960s. During the early days of the British rule, British (and Indian) soldiers and sailors outnumbered the European settlers, although the Chinese population remained predominant in terms of numbers. From 1865 to 1941, Hong Kong was the headquarters of the China Station, the Royal Navy unit responsible for the British naval presence in the Western Pacific. Hong Kong’s status as an important naval base is illustrated by the fact that it had more large dry docks than all other British colonies in Asia until the Sembawang Base of Singapore was completed in the late 1930s. Between 1948 and 1950, it even housed a full division, a commando brigade, two squadrons of fighters, and a sizable fleet of several cruisers.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In 1842, there were 500 European soldiers and 571 European and American permanent settlers in Hong Kong. See Christopher Munn, “Hong Kong, 1841–1870,” in Douglas Hay and Paul Craven, Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562–1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), p. 368.

  2. 2.

    Kwong Chi Man, Tsoi Yiu Lun, Eastern Fortress: A Military History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2014), p. 34.

  3. 3.

    Alan Harfield, British and Indian Armies on the China Coast, 1785–1965 (London: A and J Partnership, 1990), pp. 459–464; Peter Melson, White Ensign – Red Dragon: The History of the Royal Navy in Hong Kong, 1841–1997 (Hong Kong: Edinburgh Financial Publishing (Asia), 1997), pp. 81–82.

  4. 4.

    The best examples being Brian Ferrell, The Basis and Making of British Grand Strategy 1940–1943: Was There a Plan? (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998); Malcolm Murfett, John Miksic, and Brian Farrell, Between Two Oceans: a Military History of Singapore from First Settlement to Final British Withdrawal (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Brian Farrell, The Defence and Fall of Singapore (Lanham: Monsoon Books, 2016).

  5. 5.

    Gordon Alderson, History of Royal Air Force Kai Tak (Hong Kong: Royal Air Force Kai Tak, 1972); Donald Oxley, Victoria Barracks, 1842–1979 (Hong Kong: British Forces Hong Kong, 1979); Kathleen Harland, The Royal Navy in Hong Kong, 1841–1980 (Hong Kong: Royal Navy, 1981); Alan Harfield, op. cited; Phillip Bruce, Second to None: the Story of the Hong Kong Volunteers (Hong Kong; New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Denis Rollo, The Guns and Gunners of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: The Gunners’ Roll of Hong Kong, 1991); S.S. Richardson, The Royal Marines and Hong Kong, 1840–1997 (Southsea: Royal Marines Historical Society, 1997); Peter Melson, op. cited.

  6. 6.

    For example, see P. K. Kemp, The Middlesex Regiment, 1919–1952 (Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1956); Augustus Muir, The First of Foot: The History of the Royal Scots (Edinburgh: the Royal Scots History Committee, 1961); A. H. Fernyhough, History of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, 1920–1945 (London: Royal Army Ordnance Corps, 1966).

  7. 7.

    Phillip Bruce, Second to None: The Story of the Hong Kong Volunteers (Hong Kong; New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

  8. 8.

    Hong Kong Military History Notes, no. 1–7, (1985–1987).

  9. 9.

    Mao Haijian 茅海建, Jindai de chidu: liangci yapian zhazheng junshi yu waijiao 近代的尺度:兩次鴉片戰爭軍事與外交 (The Degree of Modernity: War and Diplomacy of the Two Opium Wars) (Shanghai: Shanghai sanlian shudian, 1998); Julia Lovell, The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China (London: Picador, 2012).

  10. 10.

    Iain Ward, Sui Geng: The Hong Kong Marine Police 1841–1950 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1991).

  11. 11.

    Gillian Bickley, Hong Kong Invaded!: A ‘97 Nightmare (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2001); Patrick Hase, The Six-Day War of 1899: Hong Kong in the Age of Imperialism (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008).

  12. 12.

    Stanley Kirby, The War Against Japan, Vol. 1 (London: H.M.S.O., 1957).

  13. 13.

    Honkon-Chosa Sakusen 香港長沙作戦 (Hong Kong-Changsha Operations) (Tokyo: Asagumo, 1971).

  14. 14.

    Christopher Bell, “‘Our Most Exposed Outpost’: Hong Kong and British Far Eastern Strategy,” Journal of Military History 60, no. 1, (1996): 61–88; Brian Farrell, The Basis and Making of British Grand Strategy, 1940–1943: Was There a Plan? (Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press, 1998); Ian Cowman, Dominion or Decline: Anglo-American Naval Relations on the Pacific, 1937–1941 (Oxford; Washington, D.C.: Berg, 1996); Kent Fedorowich, “‘Cocked Hats and Small, Little Garrisons’: Britain, Canada and the Fall of Hong Kong, 1941,” Modern Asian Studies 37, no. 1, (2003): 111–157.

  15. 15.

    Christopher Bell, Churchill and Sea Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 106–111.

  16. 16.

    Yuan Bangjian 元邦建, Xianggang shilue 香港史略 (Hong Kong: Zhongliu, 1987), p. 167.

  17. 17.

    For a detailed discussion about the narrative of “abandonment” and its possible implications, see Kwong Chi Man, “Congjian xianggang junshishi lunshu: erci dazhan qijian de zhongyao pianduan 重建香港軍事史論述:二次大戰期間的重要片段 (Narratives of Hong Kong Military History: the Second World War as Example),” Proceeding of the 5th Conference on Hong Kong Culture and Society (Hong Kong: jcMoticon, 2013).

  18. 18.

    Tim Carew, Fall of Hong Kong (London: Anthony Blond, 1960).

  19. 19.

    George Endacott, Hong Kong Eclipse (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1978).

  20. 20.

    Carl Vincent, No Reason Why: the Canadian Hong Kong Tragedy: An Examination (Ontario: Canada’s Wings Inc., 1981); similar Canadian works include Brereton Greenhous, “C” Force to Hong Kong: a Canadian Catastrophe, 1941–1945 (Toronto; Buffalo, NY: Dundurn Press, 1997).

  21. 21.

    Galen Roger Perras, “Defeat Still Cries Aloud for Explanation: Explaining C Force’s Dispatch to Hong Kong,” Canadian Military Journal 11, no. 4, (2011).

  22. 22.

    Tony Banham, Not the Slightest Chance: the Defence of Hong Kong, 1941 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2003); Philip Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China, and the Japanese Occupation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003); Oliver Lindsay, The Battle for Hong Kong 1941–1945: Hostage to Fortune (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005).

  23. 23.

    Charles Roland, Long Night’s Journey into Day: Prisoners of War in Hong Kong and Japan, 1941–1945 (Waterloo, Ont: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2001); Nathan Greenfield, The Damned: the Canadians at the Battle of Hong Kong and the POW Experience, 1941–45 (Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers, 2010).

  24. 24.

    Edwin Ride, BAAG: Hong Kong Resistance, 1942–1945 (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1981); Chan Sui-jeung, East River Column: Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2012); Hong Kong Museum of History, The Defence of Hong Kong: Collected Essays on the Hong Kong-Kowloon Brigade of the East River Column (Hong Kong: Leisure and Cultural Services Department, 2004).

  25. 25.

    Rob Wier, “A Note on British Blockhouses in Hong Kong,” Surveying and Built Environment 22, no, 1, (2012): 8–18.

  26. 26.

    Kwong Chi Man, “Reconstructing the Early History of the Gin Drinker’s Line from Archival Sources,” Surveying and Built Environment 22, no. 1, (2012): 19–36.

  27. 27.

    Franco David Macri, “C Force to Hong Kong: The Price of Collective Security in China,” Journal of Military History 77, (2013), pp. 141–171; Ian Cowman, Dominion or Decline: Anglo-American Naval Relations on the Pacific, 1937–1941 (Oxford; Washington, D.C.: Berg, 1996).

  28. 28.

    Mark Chi-kwan, Hong Kong and the Cold War: Anglo-American Relations 1949–1957 (Oxford: Clarendon, 2004).

  29. 29.

    “Dai ichi kantai Honkon, Kamon, Shōsanho nikeru chōsa hōkoku,” 1910, Kaigunshō kōbun bikō, The National Institute for Defense Studies Archive (NIDS), Japan Center for Asian Historical Record (JACAR), Ref: C06092360500.

  30. 30.

    See Kwong Chi Man, Tsoi Yiu Lun, Gudu qianshao: taipingyang zhanzheng zhong de xianggang zhanyi 孤獨前哨:太平洋戰爭中的香港戰役 (Exposed Outpost: The Battle of Hong Kong in the Pacific War) (Hong Kong: Cosmos, 2013); Kwong Chi Man, Tsoi Yiu Lun, Eastern Fortress, op. cited.

  31. 31.

    Andrew Whitfield, Hong Kong, Empire and the Anglo-American Alliance at War, 1941–1945 (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001); Choi Chohong, “Hong Kong in the Context of the Pacific War,” Unpublished M.Phil Thesis (1998).

  32. 32.

    Kwong Chi Man, Zhongguang zhilu: riju xianggang yu taipingyang zhanzheng 重光之路:日據香港與太平洋戰爭 (Road to Liberation: the Japanese Occupation and the Pacific War) (Hong Kong: Cosmos, 2015); Kwong Chi Man, “The Failure of the Japanese Land-Sea Cooperation during the Second World War: Hong Kong and the South China Sea as Example, 1942–1945,” Journal of Military History (Society for Military History, an affiliated Society of American Historical Association) 79, no. 1, (2015): 523–556.

  33. 33.

    Siu Kwok-kin, Qingdai Xianggang zhi haifang yu gulei 清代香港之海防與古壘 (Coast Defence and Ancient Forts of Hong Kong during the Qing Dynasty) (Hong Kong: Xianzhao shushi, 1982); Siu Kwok-kin, Forts and Pirates: a History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong History Society, 1990); Siu Kwok-kin, Chinese Piracy and Coastal Defence in the Eighteen and Early Nineteen Centuries with an Emphasis on the Canton Delta (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, 1999); Siu Kwok-kin, Guancheng yu paotai: Ming Qing liangdai Guangdong haifang 關城與炮台:明清兩代廣東海防 (Forts and Batteries: Coast Defence of Guangdong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties) (Hong Kong: Xianzhao shushi, 2000).

  34. 34.

    The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. Christopher Munn for point out this point.

  35. 35.

    See Rob Wier; Kwong Chi Man, op. cited.

  36. 36.

    Franco David Macri, “Hong Kong in the Sino-Japanese War: the Logistics of Collective Security in South China, 1935–1941,” PhD Thesis, Hong Kong University, later published as Clash of Empires in South China: The Allied Nations’ Proxy War With Japan, 1935–1941 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012).

  37. 37.

    Kwong Chi Man. “Guomindang zai riju xianggang de junshi qingbao huodong 國民黨在日據香港的軍事情報活動 (The Nationalist Intelligence Services in Japan-Occupied Hong Kong, 1942–1945),” Bulletin of Academia Historica 57, (2018): 39–78.

  38. 38.

    Unknown author, “honkon kōryaku nikansuru ichi kōsō,” 12/11/1949, Rikigun ichhan shiryo, NIDS, JACAR, C13071185000.

  39. 39.

    Mark Chi-kwan, Hong Kong and the Cold War: Anglo-American Relations 1949–1957 (Oxford: Clarendon, 2004); Michael Share, Where Empires Collided: Russian and Soviet Relations with Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macao (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2007); Ye Lin 葉霖, Zai Zhongguo de yingzi xia: Meiguo dui xianggang de waijiao zhengce, 1945–1972 在中國的影子下:美國對香港的外交政策 (Under China’s Shadow: US Foreign Policy Towards Hong Kong) (Hong Kong: Chunghwa, 2018).

  40. 40.

    George Endacott, A History of Hong Kong (London: Hong Kong University Press, 1964), pp. 110–111.

  41. 41.

    Kathleen Harland, The Royal Navy in Hong Kong, pp. 13–39.

  42. 42.

    Norman Miners, Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule: 1912–1941 (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 103–105.

  43. 43.

    Kwong Chi Man, Tsoi Yiu Lun, Exposed Outpost, op. cited.

  44. 44.

    Christopher Munn, Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong, 1841–1880 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009); Patricia Lim, Forgotten Souls: A Social History of the Hong Kong Cemetery (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2011).

  45. 45.

    Kwong Chi Man, “‘Any Steps to Mitigate This Dreadful Complain?’ Venereal Disease and Hong Kong Garrison, 1850–1941,” presented in the Eighth Annual Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Hong Kong (ASAHK) Conference 2013, Hong Kong, March 2013.

  46. 46.

    Philippa Levine, Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire (New York; London: Routledge, 2003).

  47. 47.

    The latest work on the topic is Tim Gurung, Ayo Gorkhali: The True Story of the Gurkhas (Hong Kong: Blacksmith, 2021). Tim Gurung served in Hong Kong as a Gurkha serviceman.

  48. 48.

    Dennis Rollo, op. cited; Ko Tim Keung and Jason Wordie, Ruins of War: A Guide to Hong Kong’s Battlefields and Wartime Sites (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 1996).

  49. 49.

    Lawrence Lai, “The Gin Drinker’s Line: Reconstruction of a British Colonial Defence Line in Hong Kong Using Aerial Photo Information,” Property Management 27, no. 1, (2009); Lawrence Lai, Stephen Davis, Ken Ching, and Castor Wong, “Location of Pillboxes and Other Structures of the Gin Drinker’s Line Based on Aerial Photo Evidence,” Surveying & Build Environment 21, no. 2, (2011).

  50. 50.

    Lawrence Lai, et al. “Decoding the Enigma of the Fall of the Shing Mun Redoubt Using Line of Sight Analyses,” Surveying and Built Environment 21, no. 2, (2011); Lawrence Lai, Ken Ching, Tim Ko, Y. K. Tan, “‘Pillbox 3 Did Not Open Fire!’ Mapping the Arcs of Fire of Pillboxes at Jardine’s Lookout and Wong Nai Chung Gap,” Surveying & Build Environment 21, no. 2, (2011).

  51. 51.

    A trial work is “Hong Kong Resistance: the British Army Aid Group, 1942–1945”: https://digital.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/history/baag.php; for a more comprehensive HGIS work on the Battle of Hong Kong, see https://digital.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/1941hkbattle/en/index.php

  52. 52.

    The best book on the topic is Tim Ko and Jason Wordie’s Ruins of War: A Guide to Hong Kong’s Battlefields and Wartime Sites (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 1996). The book has been published for a while, but it has not been surpassed.

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  1. Department of History, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Chi-Man Kwong

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Correspondence to Chi-Man Kwong .

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  1. Department of History, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Man-Kong Wong

  2. Department of History, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Chi-Man Kwong

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Kwong, CM. (2022). Military History. In: Wong, MK., Kwong, CM. (eds) Hong Kong History. Hong Kong Studies Reader Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_2

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