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Evolution Towards Theranostics: Basic Principles

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BioSensing, Theranostics, and Medical Devices

Abstract

Nanotherapeutics have revolutionized healthcare research by offering numerous advantages over conventional modalities of treatment. They have shown excellent potential in the treatment of a myriad of diseases and infections. Perhaps the most attractive feature of some of the metallic nanomaterials is their ability to provide contrast while achieving therapeutic efficiency. This property enables simultaneous computer-tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aided diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, such materials are often termed as “theranostic” materials. They are widely studied and synthesized with dozens of customizations for point-of-care diagnostics and therapeutics. Due to the peculiar phenomenon they exhibit, called enhanced permeability and retention effect, they can selectively concentrate in the tumor, achieving high therapeutic efficiency. The particles can also be decorated with path-guiding molecules like antibodies and aptamers, which selectively target cells and tissues. Apart from these passive and active modes of targeting, in some cases, physical targeting of tumors also achieves a similar effect. This not only reduces the toxicity caused by high dosage but also decreases the cost of treatment. Multiple studies utilize different modalities of treatments in a single material. Such multimodal approaches use chemotherapy–immunotherapy, chemotherapy–photothermal therapy, and many combinations of two or more mechanisms to treat diseases. Despite all these advantages, there are some areas of contentions concerning these “smart” materials. The issues of toxicity, stability, and commerciality need to be thoroughly addressed. After cautious evaluation of their physicochemical properties and overcoming limitations, they will serve promising alternatives for conventional drugs.

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Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Shweta Shinde for scientific discussion.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India

    Pallavi Kiran, Amreen Khan, Suditi Neekhra, Pankaj Kumar, Barkha Singh, Shubham Pallod, Faith Dias & Rohit Srivastava

  2. Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India

    Amreen Khan & Barkha Singh

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  1. Pallavi Kiran
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Correspondence to Rohit Srivastava .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Vivek Borse

  2. Department of Bioscience and Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, Uttar pradesh, India

    Pranjal Chandra

  3. Department of Bioscience Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Rohit Srivastava

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Kiran, P. et al. (2022). Evolution Towards Theranostics: Basic Principles. In: Borse, V., Chandra, P., Srivastava, R. (eds) BioSensing, Theranostics, and Medical Devices. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2782-8_3

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