Abstract
SilverSol® is a unique nano-silver preparation formulated by American Biotech Labs (ABL), USA, in varied dosage forms (liquid, gel, cream, toothpaste etc.), with proven efficacy as an antimicrobial and antiviral product. SilverSol® is produced using a patented technology that uniquely captures silver’s antimicrobial activity effectively. The individual silver nanoparticle (NP) contains elemental (zero-valent) metallic silver coated with silver oxide and has an optimum particle size ranging from 5 to 50 nm. The technology achieves unique tetrahedral molecular arrangement of silver with oxygen, giving rise to a broad range of properties. The key properties of SilverSol®, viz. multidimensional efficacy at extremely low concentration, prolonged stability and absence of adverse side effects make it ‘the product of choice’ in wound healing. Several products of SilverSol® both for oral administration and topical application are available world-wide in gel, liquid and cream form and other application-oriented forms. These products are outstanding with proven efficacy in various ailments besides wound healing viz. malaria, various bacterial, fungal, viral infections including HIV, influenza virus, vaginal infection, severe infectious conditions due to resistant bacteria—MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci).
The current review focuses on its most widely accepted use as a wound healing agent, both for external applications and for oral administration. It also gives detailed attributes of SilverSol® in terms of safety, efficacy and pharmacology. Its physicochemical properties, mechanism of action and its regulatory status are also described. Several wounds of varied etiology and severity have been successfully treated with SilverSol® without the formation of dermal fibrotic lesions, demonstrating its efficacy in wound healing. It has been proven to be beneficial in 55,000 dental surgeries with varied case histories. Remarkable effects were associated with less post-operative/surgical pain and oedema, less post-operative complications, prevention of bacterial and fungal infection and removal of biofilms, which collectively resulted into quicker healing.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- ABL:
-
American Biotech Labs
- ATCC:
-
American Type Culture Collection
- CFU:
-
Colony forming units
- DNA:
-
Deoxy ribose nucleic acid
- DTA:
-
Differential thermal analysis
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- ESBL:
-
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- FHSA:
-
Federal Hazardous Substances Act
- FTIR:
-
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- ICP-MS:
-
Inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrophotometry
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- MCP:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein
- MDR:
-
Multi-drug resistant
- MIC:
-
Minimum inhibitory concentration
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- MRSA:
-
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- NADH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen
- NP(s):
-
NP(s)
- NQO:
-
NADH quinone oxidoreductase
- PPM (ppm):
-
Parts per million
- RNA:
-
Ribonucleic acid
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- TGA:
-
Thermogravimetric analysis
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- USP:
-
United States Pharmacopoeia
- UV-VIS:
-
Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry
- VRE:
-
Vancomycin resistant enterococci
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
References
Ackerknech E (1982) A short history of medicine. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD
Albanese A, Tang PS, Chan WC (2012) The effect of NP size, shape, and surface chemistry on biological systems. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 14:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150124
Alexander J (2009) History of the medical use of silver. Surg Infect 10(3):289–292
Anderson K, Hamm RL (2012) Factors that impair wound healing. J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec 4(4):84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jccw.2014.03.001
Berger TJ, Spadaro JA, Bierman R, Chapin SE, Becker RO (1976a) Antifungal properties of electrically generated metallic ions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 10(5):856–860. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.10.5.856
Berger TJ, Spadaro JA, Chapin SE, Becker RO (1976b) Electrically generated silver ions: quantitative effects on bacterial and mammalian cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 9(2):357–358. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.9.2.357
Bhat GK, Suman E, Shetty A, Hegde BM (2009) A study on the ASAP nano-silver solution on pathogenic bacteria and candida. J Ind Acad Clin Med 10(1–2):15–17
BNF (1993) British national formulary no. 26. British Medical Association and The Pharmaceutical Press, London
Bowler P, Duerden B, Armstrong D (2001a) Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin Microbiol Rev 14(2):244–269. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.2.244-269.2001
Bowler PG, Duerden BI, Armstrong DG (2001b) Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin Microbiol Rev 14(2):244–269. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.2.244-269.2001
Broughton G 2nd, Janis JE, Attinger CE (2006) The basic science of wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 117(7 Suppl):12s–34s. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000225430.42531.c2
Brown V (1916) Colloidal silver in sepsis. Am J Obstet Dis Women Childr 20:136–143
Brown H (1992) Wound healing research through the age. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA
Brown M, Anderson R (1968) The bactericidal effect of silver ions on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Pharm Pharmacol 20(S1):1S–3S. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09850.x
Brown T, Smith D (1976) The effects of silver nitrate on the growth and ultrastructure of the yeast Cryptococcus albidus. Microbios Lett 3:155–162
Coleman VR, Wilkie J, Levinson WE, Stevens T, Jawetz E (1973) Inactivation of herpesvirus hominis types 1 and 2 by silver nitrate in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 4(3):259–262. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.4.3.259
Das M, Dixit S, Khanna S (2005) Justifying the need to prescribe limits for contaminants in food grade silver foil. Food Addit Contam 22(12):1219–1223
De Souza A, Mehta D, Leavitt R (2006) Bactericidal activity of combinations of silver--water dispersion with 19 antibiotics against seven microbial strains. Curr Sci 91(7):926–929
Dharmshaktu GS, Aanshu S, Tanuja P (2016) Colloidal silver-based nanogel as nonocclusive dressing for multiple superficial pellet wounds. J Family Med Prim Care 5(1):175–177. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.184659
Duhamel B (1912) Electric metallic colloids and their therapeutic applications. Lancet 1:89–90
Easlick KA (1951) An evaluation of the effect of dental foci of infection on health. J Am Dent Assoc 42(6):615–697
Farrar GEJ, Krosnick (1991) A: wound healing. Clin Ther 13:430–434
Greer N, Foman N, MacDonald R, Dorrian J, Fitzgerald P, Rutks I, Wilt TJ (2013) Advanced wound care therapies for nonhealing diabetic, venous, and arterial ulcers: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 159(8):532–542. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-159-8-201310150-00006
Grier N (1968) Silver and its compounds. In: Block SS (ed) Disinfection, sterilization and preservation. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia
Hill WR, Pillsbury DM (1939) Argyria–the pharmacology of silver. Williams and Williams, Baltimore
Holladay RJ, Herbert C, Moeller WD (2001) Apparatus and method for producing antimicrobal silver solution. US Patent Patent, US6743348B2 United States
Kilian M (1982) Systemic disease: manifestations of oral bacteria. In: JR MG, Michalek SM, Cassell GH (eds) Dental microbiology. Philadelphia, PA, Harpers & Row, pp 832–838
Lee S, Jun B (2019) Silver NPs: synthesis and application for nanomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 20(4):865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040865
Li X, Kolltveit KM, Tronstad L, Olsen I (2000) Systemic diseases caused by oral infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 13(4):547–558. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.13.4.547-558.2000
link W Gold Hill, Utah Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Hill_Utah
Lullove E, Bernstein B (2015) Use of SilvrSTAT® in lower extremity wounds: a two center case series. J Diabetic Foot Complications 7:13–16
Magaye R, Zhao J, Bowman L, Ding M (2012) Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of cobalt-, nickel- and copper-based NPs. Exp Ther Med 4(4):551–561. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2012.656
Marston W (2006) Dermagraft diabetic foot ulcer study group. Risk factors associated with healing chronic diabetic foot ulcers: the importance of hyperglycemia. Ostomy Wound Manage 52(3):26–28. 30, 32 passim
Martindale (1993) The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th edn. Pharmaceutical Press, London
Miller W (1891) The humanmouth as a focus of infection. Dental Cosmos 33:689–713
Miller LP, McCallan SEA (1957) Fungicides, toxic action of metal ions to fungus spores. J Agric Food Chem 5(2):116–122. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60072a003
Moore WE, Moore LV (1994) The bacteria of periodontal diseases. Periodontology 2000 5:66–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00019.x
Munger MA, Radwanski P, Hadlock GC, Stoddard G, Shaaban A, Falconer J, Grainger DW, Deering-Rice CE (2014) In vivo human time-exposure study of orally dosed commercial silver NPs. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 10(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2013.06.010
Murray CA, Saunders WP (2000) Root canal treatment and general health: a review of the literature. Int Endod J 33(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2000.00293.x
Mustoe T, O'Shaughnessy K, Kloeters O (2006) Chronic wound pathogenesis and current treatment strategies: a unifying hypothesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 117(7 Suppl):35S–41S. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000225431.63010.1b
Nowack B, Krug HF, Height M (2011) 120 years of nanosilver history: implications for policy makers. Environ Sci Technol 45(4):1177–1183. https://doi.org/10.1021/es103316q
Okur ME, Karantas ID, Şenyiğit Z, Üstündağ Okur N, Siafaka PI (2020) Recent trends on wound management: new therapeutic choices based on polymeric carriers. Asian J Pharm Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2019.11.008
Olsson M, Järbrink K, Divakar U, Bajpai R, Upton Z, Schmidtchen A, Car J (2019) The humanistic and economic burden of chronic wounds: a systematic review. Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society 27(1):114–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12683
Ovington L (2003) Bacterial toxins and wound healing. Ostomy Wound Manage 49(7A Suppl):8–12
Pallasch TJ, Wahl MJ (2000) The focal infection theory: appraisal and reappraisal. J Calif Dent Assoc 28(3):194–200
Paquette D, Falanga V, Falanga V (2002) Leg ulcers. Clin Geriatr Med 18(1):77–88., vi. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0690(03)00035-1
Pedersen G, Hedge B (2010) Silver sol completely removes malaria parasites from the blood of human subjects infected with malaria in an average of five days: a review of four randomized, multi-centered, clinical studies performed in Africa. Indian Pract 63(9):567–574
Pedersen G, Moeller K (2009) Silver sol improves wound healing. J Sci Healing Out 1(4)
Pedersen G, Sidwell R, Moloff A, Saum R (2008) Effect of prophylactic treatment with ASAP-AGX-32 and ASAP solutions on an avian influenza a (H5N1) virus infection in mice. J Sci Healing Out 1(1)
Phillips CJ, Humphreys I, Fletcher J, Harding K, Chamberlain G, Macey S (2016) Estimating the costs associated with the management of patients with chronic wounds using linked routine data. Int Wound J 13(6):1193–1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12443
Rai M, Kon K, Ingle A, Duran N, Galdiero S, Galdiero M (2014) Broad-spectrum bioactivities of silver NPs: the emerging trends and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(5):1951–1961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5473-x
Ravelin J (1869) Chemistry of vegetation. Sci Nat 11:93–102
Revelli DA, Lydiksen CG, Smith JD, Leavitt RW (2011) A unique SILVERSOL with surprisingly 1 broad antimicrobial properties. Antimicrobial 3(11):5–16
Richard M (1991) In: Carmichael AG, Richard RM (eds) Medicine: a Treasury of art and literature. Hugh Lauter Levin, New York, NY
Ricketts CR, Lowbury EJ, Lawrence JC, Hall M, Wilkins MD (1970) Mechanism of prophylaxis by silver compounds against infection of burns. Br Med J 1(5707):444–446. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5707.444
Ritchie JA, Jones CL (1990) Antibacterial testing of metal ions using a chemically defined medium. Lett Appl Microbiol 11(3):152–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1990.tb00147.x
Roe AL (1915) Collosol Argentum and its opthalmic use. Br Med J 16:104
Roy R, Hoover MR, Bhalla AS, Slawecki T, Dey S, Cao W, Li J, Bhaskar S (2007) Ultradilute Ag-aquasols with extraordinary bactericidal properties: role of the system Ag–O–H2O. Mater Res Innov 11(1):3–18. https://doi.org/10.1179/143307507X196167
Russell AD, Hugo WB (1994) Antimicrobial activity and action of silver. Prog Med Chem 31:351–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70024-9
Sanderson-Wells TH (1916) A case of puerperal septicaemia successfully treated with intravenous injections of collosol argentum. Lancet 1:258–259
Schneider G (1984) Silver nitrate prophylaxis. Can Med Assoc J 131:193–196
Schreml S, Szeimies RM, Prantl L, Landthaler M, Babilas P (2010) Wound healing in the 21st century. J Am Acad Dermatol 63(5):866–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.048
Searle AB (1920) Colloids as germicides and disinfectants. In: The use of colloids in health and disease. Constable & Co., London
Sellman S (2010) A silver lining for Women’s health. Total Health 30(5):24–27
Sen CK, Gordillo GM, Roy S, Kirsner R, Lambert L, Hunt TK, Gottrup F, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT (2009) Human skin wounds: a major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy. Wound repair and regeneration: official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society 17(6):763–771. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00543.x
Settipalli S (2015) A robust market rich with opportunities: advanced wound dressings.
Sims M (1884) The story of my life. D. Appleton & Co., New York
Tilton RC, Rosenberg B (1978) Reversal of the silver inhibition of microorganisms by agar. Appl Environ Microbiol 35(6):1116–1120
Tran PL, Luth K, Wang J, Ray C, de Souza A, Mehta D, Moeller KW, Moeller CD, Reid TW (2019) Efficacy of a silver colloidal gel against selected oral bacteria in vitro. F1000Research 8:267. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17707.1
Tran P, Luth K, Dong H, Dev A, Mehta D, Mitchell K, Moeller K, Moeller C, Reid T (2020) The in vitro efficacy of betadine antiseptic solution and colloidal silver gel combination in inhibiting the growth of bacterial biofilms. Preprints 2020:2020020419. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202002.0419.v1
Tronstad L (1992) Recent development in endodontic research. Scand J Dent Res 100(1):52–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1992.tb01809.x
Trop M, Novak M, Rodl S, Hellbom B, Kroell W, Goessler W (2006) Silver-coated dressing acticoat caused raised liver enzymes and argyria-like symptoms in burn patient. J Trauma 60(3):648–652. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000208126.22089.b6
USP (1990) United States Pharmacopoeia. In, vol XXII. US Pharmacopoeia1 Convention, Rockville, Maryland.
Von Naegelli V (1893) Silver nitrate: a very effective antimicrobial agent. Deut schr Schweiz Naturforsch Ges 33:174–182
Wu SC, Marston W, Armstrong DG (2010) Wound care: the role of advanced wound healing technologies. J Vasc Surg 52(3 Suppl):59S–66S. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.06.009
Wysor MS, Zollinhofer RE (1972) Antibacterial properties of silver chelates of uracil and uracil derivatives in vitro. Chemotherapy 17(3):188–199. https://doi.org/10.1159/000220853
Yardley PA (1998) A brief history of wound healing. Oxford clinical communications. Ortho McNeil Pharmaceuticals and Janssen-Cilag
Zanger UM, Turpeinen M, Klein K, Schwab M (2008) Functional pharmacogenetics/genomics of human cytochromes P450 involved in drug biotransformation. Anal Bioanal Chem 392(6):1093–1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2291-6
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
The authors, A de Souza, Managing Director; Vora AH, Director; Mehta AD, director; and Godse CS Assistant Medical Director are from Viridis BioPharma Pvt. Ltd., whereas, Moeller K, is the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer and Moeller C is the Director of Communication at ABL, LLC. Both, Viridis Biopharma and American Biotech manufacture and market SilverSol® products. Willoughby AJM is associated with DDSource, which is promoting SilverSol® products OraSIL™ and CuraSIL for dental applications.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
de Souza, A. et al. (2021). SilverSol® a Nano-Silver Preparation: A Multidimensional Approach to Advanced Wound Healing. In: Kumar, P., Kothari, V. (eds) Wound Healing Research. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2677-7_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2677-7_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-2676-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-2677-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)